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I have seen threads that talk about the weather, air humidity, etc. But I haven't found much information about the altitude.
Effects were found on height, generally in the literature it is mentioned that there may be a retarding effect on puberty and the growth of in habitants who grew up at high altitudes:
The results obtained at mid-altitude of Arequipa (2320 meters above sea level) are similar to those reported by Greksa, et.al (1984), analyzing weight, height and triceps fold in children of high socioeconomic status in La Paz, Bolivia, descendants of Europeans. Sin However, other studies were carried out on similar samples and higher levels of height and in rural populations, where Pawson et.al (2001), investigating the physical growth of children from southern Peru (4100 meters above sea level) in two towns with diverse economies, verify significant differences in weight, height and triceps skinfold in both populations, suggesting a significant negative effect of exposure to altitude on both communities, these results being lower than those of the present study.
I found this study that talks about how it can affect brain activity:
Exposure to hypoxia results in many physiological changes. The brain shows to be more sensitive to the fluctuation of oxygen content, which consumes about one-fifth of the entire body's oxygen. Therefore, a hypoxic environment affects brain function, and even a short exposure to hypoxia may cause irreversible damage [1, 2]. The incidence of hypoxic brain injury caused by perinatal asphyxia is 1‰ to 6‰, and 25% to 30% of survivors have long-term sequelae, including various degrees of decline in learning and memory function [3, 4]. It is believed that the longer the exposure to hypoxia, the greater the damage [5, 6]. In addition to impaired cognitive physiology and psychological function, brain damage caused by hypoxia may also lead to learning and memory (L&M) defects. An extended period of hypoxia may be sufficient to change a brain's structure [7]. There are many transcription factors and regulatory proteins involved in the homeostatic regulation of optimal oxygen environment, including hypoxia-indubitable factor (HIF).
This article does not talk about altitude, but it talks about hypoxia that can be caused by altitude,shows that hypoxia can promote muscle growth:
We found that compared with normoxia, a 5% oxygen environment inhibited differentiation and caused muscle atrophy. However, compared with normoxia, a 10% oxygen environment promoted muscle differentiation, and 10% oxygen and 15% oxygen environments induced muscle hypertrophy. Compared with normoxia, a 10% oxygen environment promoted myogenin and the expression of mTOR, p70s6K, and the metabolic signal AMPK. We concluded that a hypoxic environment, if not too severe, may promote muscle differentiation and hypertrophy by increasing the expression of proteins associated with muscle cell differentiation and hypertrophy.
Changes in thorax volume:
Further, Quechua individuals from hypoxic environments have deeper chests resulting in 1.3 times greater increases in thoracic ventilation compared to age-matched, sea-level Quechua (p < 0.05). Thus, increased thoracic ventilation derives from a combination of acclimatization, developmental adaptation, and population-level adaptation to aerobic demand in different oxygen environments, demonstrating that ventilatory demand due to environment and activity has helped shape the form and function of the human thorax.
A greater altitude leads to receiving more UV radiation:
High altitudes in alpine regions are challenging environments for anyone and anything. Not just fauna and flora had to adapt over thousands of years, but humans—whose bodies were not designed for living at altitude—struggle with the specific attributes of alpine environments and have to take special precautions when venturing into alpine regions. High altitudes have lower air pressure, resulting in fewer gas molecules, which means that there is less nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen at altitude. This results in lower oxygen levels in the air we breathe, low humidity of around 14-20%, and less ozone, which in turn results in UV radiation levels that are three times higher than at sea level. Furthermore, high alpine environments are dominated by cold climates and high wind gusts.
His is the information I could find, but does anyone know if high altitude leads to changes in the bones of the face?
Effects were found on height, generally in the literature it is mentioned that there may be a retarding effect on puberty and the growth of in habitants who grew up at high altitudes:
The results obtained at mid-altitude of Arequipa (2320 meters above sea level) are similar to those reported by Greksa, et.al (1984), analyzing weight, height and triceps fold in children of high socioeconomic status in La Paz, Bolivia, descendants of Europeans. Sin However, other studies were carried out on similar samples and higher levels of height and in rural populations, where Pawson et.al (2001), investigating the physical growth of children from southern Peru (4100 meters above sea level) in two towns with diverse economies, verify significant differences in weight, height and triceps skinfold in both populations, suggesting a significant negative effect of exposure to altitude on both communities, these results being lower than those of the present study.
I found this study that talks about how it can affect brain activity:
Exposure to hypoxia results in many physiological changes. The brain shows to be more sensitive to the fluctuation of oxygen content, which consumes about one-fifth of the entire body's oxygen. Therefore, a hypoxic environment affects brain function, and even a short exposure to hypoxia may cause irreversible damage [1, 2]. The incidence of hypoxic brain injury caused by perinatal asphyxia is 1‰ to 6‰, and 25% to 30% of survivors have long-term sequelae, including various degrees of decline in learning and memory function [3, 4]. It is believed that the longer the exposure to hypoxia, the greater the damage [5, 6]. In addition to impaired cognitive physiology and psychological function, brain damage caused by hypoxia may also lead to learning and memory (L&M) defects. An extended period of hypoxia may be sufficient to change a brain's structure [7]. There are many transcription factors and regulatory proteins involved in the homeostatic regulation of optimal oxygen environment, including hypoxia-indubitable factor (HIF).
This article does not talk about altitude, but it talks about hypoxia that can be caused by altitude,shows that hypoxia can promote muscle growth:
We found that compared with normoxia, a 5% oxygen environment inhibited differentiation and caused muscle atrophy. However, compared with normoxia, a 10% oxygen environment promoted muscle differentiation, and 10% oxygen and 15% oxygen environments induced muscle hypertrophy. Compared with normoxia, a 10% oxygen environment promoted myogenin and the expression of mTOR, p70s6K, and the metabolic signal AMPK. We concluded that a hypoxic environment, if not too severe, may promote muscle differentiation and hypertrophy by increasing the expression of proteins associated with muscle cell differentiation and hypertrophy.
Changes in thorax volume:
Further, Quechua individuals from hypoxic environments have deeper chests resulting in 1.3 times greater increases in thoracic ventilation compared to age-matched, sea-level Quechua (p < 0.05). Thus, increased thoracic ventilation derives from a combination of acclimatization, developmental adaptation, and population-level adaptation to aerobic demand in different oxygen environments, demonstrating that ventilatory demand due to environment and activity has helped shape the form and function of the human thorax.
A greater altitude leads to receiving more UV radiation:
High altitudes in alpine regions are challenging environments for anyone and anything. Not just fauna and flora had to adapt over thousands of years, but humans—whose bodies were not designed for living at altitude—struggle with the specific attributes of alpine environments and have to take special precautions when venturing into alpine regions. High altitudes have lower air pressure, resulting in fewer gas molecules, which means that there is less nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen at altitude. This results in lower oxygen levels in the air we breathe, low humidity of around 14-20%, and less ozone, which in turn results in UV radiation levels that are three times higher than at sea level. Furthermore, high alpine environments are dominated by cold climates and high wind gusts.
His is the information I could find, but does anyone know if high altitude leads to changes in the bones of the face?
