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tl;dr:Like many animals, adult male chimpanzees often compete for a limited number of mates. They fight other males as they strive for status that confers reproductive benefits and use aggression to coerce females to mate with them. Nevertheless, small-bodied, socially immature adolescent male chimpanzees, who cannot compete with older males for status nor intimidate females, father offspring. We investigated how they do so through a study of adolescent and young adult males at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Adolescent males mated with nulliparous females and reproduced primarily with these first-time mothers, who are not preferred as mating partners by older males. Two other factors, affiliation and aggression, also influenced mating success. Specifically, the strength of affiliative bonds that males formed with females and the amount of aggression males directed toward females predicted male mating success. The effect of male aggression toward females on mating success increased as males aged, especially when they directed it toward females with whom they shared affiliative bonds. These results mirror sexual coercion in humans, which occurs most often between males and females involved in close, affiliative relationships.
1. Introduction
Throughout the animal kingdom, males use their strength, size and status to compete for mates [1–3]. Winners in direct combat are typically the largest, strongest, most-experienced males (e.g. African elephants (Loxodonta africana): [4]; migratory terns (Sterna hirundo): [5] and fallow deer (Dama dama): [6]. Because of their superior size and strength, males can also injure females and coerce them to mate (e.g. elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris): [7]; multiple species of waterfowl: [8]; bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): [9], dolphins (Tursiops spp): [10]; orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus): [11] and reviewed in: [12–14]). Young, small males, however, are unable to coerce females sexually and instead adopt alternative mating tactics [15]. For example, small, subordinate males mate quickly (e.g. marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus, [16]) or furtively (e.g. Sika deer, Cervus nippon, [17]). For animals that develop slowly, reproductive tactics may shift during development. This applies to young male bushbucks (Tragelaphus scriptus), who sneak copulations with females, but later grow up to defend groups of females and territories [18].
Our closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), develop very slowly. They live in relatively stable groups or communities, whose members form temporary subgroups that change in size and composition [19,20]. Because single females mate with multiple males, sperm competition ensues [21–23]. In addition, adult males employ several behavioural tactics that increase their chances of mating and reproducing. First, they compete with others for status, and high dominance rank yields mating opportunities [20,21,24,25]. To reduce levels of male–male competition, males also form mate-guarding coalitions with each other and concede mating opportunities to their coaltionary partners [26,27]. Third, adult males use aggression to intimidate females and coerce them to mate with them and not with others, sometimes leading females away from other males on extended ‘consortships’ [12,20,21,28–31], but see [32]. Consequently, high-ranking males typically sire more offspring than low-ranking males [27,33–37], and males are more likely to father offspring with females to whom they direct aggression [30].
Adolescent male chimpanzees between 8 and 15 years old are still physically and socially immature and therefore cannot compete effectively with larger, stronger adult males or serve as effective coalitionary partners [38]. Their small size and reduced strength may also prevent adolescent males from sexually coercing females. By age 16, males have usually finished growing and can dominate females, but as young adults (16–20 years), they still occupy low ranks in the male dominance hierarchy [20,39,40]. Despite these disadvantages, adolescent and young adult male chimpanzees sire a non-trivial number of offspring [33–37,41,42]. How they do so is not entirely clear.
One tactic young males adopt is to selectively pursue specific females as mating partners. In this context, nulliparous, adolescent female chimpanzees cycle for many years without conceiving and often lose their first offspring [43–46]. Adult males typically show little sexual interest in these females [42,47]. Adolescent male chimpanzees consequently target nulliparous females as mating partners and primarily reproduce with these first-time mothers [42,48]. Nevertheless, this strategy cannot explain adolescent and young adult male mating and reproductive success completely because young males also father the offspring of older, parous females [35,37,42].
A second, non-mutually exclusive possibility is that young male chimpanzees mate by forming affiliative bonds with females. Males living at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda, forge affiliative bonds with females during adolescence and young adulthood [49]. These affiliative bonds manifest when females are cycling as well as when they are pregnant and lactating, and males and females who form bonds display relatively equitable grooming relationships, keep track of one another during travel and reassure each other [49]. Males in both age groups, however, selectively target their female partners for aggression irrespective of the latter's reproductive state [49]. It is currently unclear whether the affiliative or aggressive aspects of these relationships contribute to the mating success of young male chimpanzees. Prior research suggests this as a possibility as adult male and female chimpanzees who frequently associate and range in the same areas of the Ngogo communal territory often produce offspring together [37].
- Chad chimps take all the pussy and Beta chimps simp for used goods hoping to get rebound sex after Chad abused the foid too hard
- Beta chimps groom younger foids that adult males do not prefer
- Especially creative chimps form small gangs where they don't compete but divide foid prizes among themselves
What does this mean for humans? Since humans and chimps are very similar, we can look to nature to see the primal truths. As a beta your only chance of having sex is by unconventional means: coercion, grooming, pity-sex through simping.
Other notable creative methods in humans: drugs, money, exchanging favours.
So get creative and stop whining on incel forums. Ascension is not a real option for 95% of males, i.e. you. Also even chimp sluts get railed by dozens of men, you'll have to deal with the fact your virgin princess fantasy is just Disney slop these days, unless you implement brutal rules like the Taliban are now doing.