D
defcon7
Iron
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It is not a novelty to ascertain that sports performance strictly depends on genetic predispositions. Actually, it is the main factor that determines whether an athlete will ever achieve notable sports results or not. But how to predict and recognize if somebody will be a good sportsman in the future? Well... both scientists and coaches have moved several steps forward. Nowadays, their business is correlated most closely in the sport's entire history.
Thanks to genetic examination, it is possible to specify very precisely whether a young kid has all of the necessary predispositions to become a great sportsman in the future or not. Also, by proper examinations (swab/muscle biopsy), it is possible to determine what disciplines should be trained for a young kid to achieve success in the future - disciplines based upon strength, endurance, coordination, etc.
Gene Types depends on genetic heredity, environmental factors, and all possible mutations related to them. It is possible to determine them in considerable measure via DNA examination. DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, deoxyribose, and phosphorus rest. DNA may be bound via transcription factor (TF), so a protein will also regulate the transcription process.
Common Genotypes that greatly effect sports performance:
MSTN - the gene that regulates myostatin production. Myostatin (growth and differentiation factor-8) is a protein secreted in skeletal muscles and bones that restrains the growth of muscles. Limited expression of the MSTN gene will lead to reduced myostatin production through firmly improving skeletal muscle hypertrophy potential and IGF-1 signaling, resulting in a high capacity for muscle & bone growth, recovery, and fat oxidation. People with low expression of the MSTN gene are called to have the "Hercules gene" due to their huge potential for muscle growth and strength development, thanks to low myostatin activity only.
ACTN3 - encodes the a-actinin-3 protein. Its expression will promote the development of fast-twitch muscle fibers, minimize muscle damage induced by physical activity, and improve glucose metabolism in response to a training session.
Its genotype XX may worsen the development of fast-twitch muscle fibers but will improve endurance parameters instead.
Genotype XR and RR are associated with sprinter endurance.
PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) will regulate the energetic metabolism. There are three isoforms: PPARA, PPARG, and PPARD. They will determine beta-oxidation of fatty acids, which will have a huge influence on, e.g., endurance, development of slow-twitch muscle fibers, ATP production, and the organism's response to training sessions.
Genetic Polymorphism can also be seen in neuronal function and cognitive ability.
SHANK2 - encodes the SHANK2 protein which plays an integral role in creating a synapse. Limited expression of the SHANK2 gene causes a loss of neuronal function. Individuals with errors in the gene or a deficiency are linked to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, ADD/ADHD, bipolar disorders.
OVER.
Thanks to genetic examination, it is possible to specify very precisely whether a young kid has all of the necessary predispositions to become a great sportsman in the future or not. Also, by proper examinations (swab/muscle biopsy), it is possible to determine what disciplines should be trained for a young kid to achieve success in the future - disciplines based upon strength, endurance, coordination, etc.
Gene Types depends on genetic heredity, environmental factors, and all possible mutations related to them. It is possible to determine them in considerable measure via DNA examination. DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, deoxyribose, and phosphorus rest. DNA may be bound via transcription factor (TF), so a protein will also regulate the transcription process.
Common Genotypes that greatly effect sports performance:
MSTN - the gene that regulates myostatin production. Myostatin (growth and differentiation factor-8) is a protein secreted in skeletal muscles and bones that restrains the growth of muscles. Limited expression of the MSTN gene will lead to reduced myostatin production through firmly improving skeletal muscle hypertrophy potential and IGF-1 signaling, resulting in a high capacity for muscle & bone growth, recovery, and fat oxidation. People with low expression of the MSTN gene are called to have the "Hercules gene" due to their huge potential for muscle growth and strength development, thanks to low myostatin activity only.
ACTN3 - encodes the a-actinin-3 protein. Its expression will promote the development of fast-twitch muscle fibers, minimize muscle damage induced by physical activity, and improve glucose metabolism in response to a training session.
Its genotype XX may worsen the development of fast-twitch muscle fibers but will improve endurance parameters instead.
Genotype XR and RR are associated with sprinter endurance.
PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) will regulate the energetic metabolism. There are three isoforms: PPARA, PPARG, and PPARD. They will determine beta-oxidation of fatty acids, which will have a huge influence on, e.g., endurance, development of slow-twitch muscle fibers, ATP production, and the organism's response to training sessions.
Genetic Polymorphism can also be seen in neuronal function and cognitive ability.
SHANK2 - encodes the SHANK2 protein which plays an integral role in creating a synapse. Limited expression of the SHANK2 gene causes a loss of neuronal function. Individuals with errors in the gene or a deficiency are linked to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, ADD/ADHD, bipolar disorders.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5001920/
OVER.
