Asia: Primary Ancestral Groups

[Asiangymmax]

The genetic history of East Eurasian populations is a complex topic and still under an ongoing debate. Here, we will try to summarise the major ancestral clusters that played a significant role in shaping the later populations in the region under the guidance of the latest studies.

Abbreviations​

M: Mesolithic
N: Neolithic
EN: Early Neolithic
EMN: Early-Middle Neolithic
MN: Middle Neolithic
LN: Late Neolithic
LNBA: Late Neolithic-Bronze Age

Northeast Asia​

Khairygas_16.7kya​

One of the oldest samples recovered from Northeast Asia, this sample may be a near-unadmixed representative of Ancient Paleosiberian (APS) ancestry and likely to be a near-unadmixed descendant of a population closely related to the founding population of the Americas. This sample can be modelled as ~97% Native American-like (represented by Peru_Laramate_900B) and ~7% ANE-related (represented by AfantovaGora3). (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 172-173)

Ust_Kyakhta_14kya​

The second oldest sample in the APS cluster, this individual can be modelled as ~53-69% preceding Khairygas plus an undefined East Asian source, possibly related to KhatystyrCave_M_10.2kya. (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 173)

KhatystyrCave_M_10.2kya​

Appearing to be of mixed ancestry, in a 3-way model, this individual primarily inherits the majority of its genetic heritage from China_AmurRiver_Mesolithic (~57-78% or alternatively as ~61% ancestry from China_AmurRiver_Mesolithic + ~24% ancestry from Cisbaikal_LNBA + ~15% from China_SEastAsia_Coastal_EN), with the remaining portion originating from Ust_Kyakhta and other East Asian source (either China_NEastAsia_Inland_EN or China_SEastAsia_Coastal_EN), (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 173-174).

Kolyma_M_10.1kya​

While models for Kolyma_M_10.1kya are quite varied, they are highly consistent in suggesting that this population is mostly descended from Ancient Paleosiberians (~65-73% Khairygas_16.7kya-like) and is less admixed with East Asian ancestry compared to Ust_Kyakhta_14kya. The remaining East Asian ancestry of Kolyma_M_10.1kya seems to be derived from either Yumin or Amur related sources (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 174/196).

Dzhilinda1_M_N_8.4kya​

This individual can be modeled as having all its ancestry coming from Ust_Kyakhta_14kya, or alternatively as an admixture of Kolyma_M_10.1kya or Khaiyrgas and an East-Asian-related source with much ancestry from KhatystyrCave_M_10.2kya or Transbaikal_EMN_old (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 176).

Transbaikal_EMN_old​

Consisting of two individuals within the Transbaikal_EMN cluster (irk007.SG and cta016.SG), both older than the others at approximately 8,300 and 8,800 years before present (BP) respectively. This genetic makeup can be represented as a two-way admixture between the Yumin individual (China_NEastAsia_Inland_EN) and KhatystyrCave_M_10.2kya (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 176).

Altai_N_old ​

The oldest individuals under the Altai_N group label (uniting Kemerovo_N, Firsovo_N, and West_Siberia_N—extremely similar populations found in the Altai region) older than ~8000 BP (including individuals I2137 and I13098), can be successfully modeled as a 2-way admixture between a minor fraction of ancestry from AG3 and a major fraction of ancestry from the three APS populations Khaiyrgas, Ust_Kyakhta_14kya, Kolyma_M_10.1kya. The same models pass in set B; no simpler models pass (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 177).

Altai_N​

This group, which comprises all individuals in the Altai_N group label (all individuals labeled Kemerovo_N, Firsovo_N, and West_Siberia_N) younger than 8000 BP, can be modeled as descending completely from the older individuals in this cluster (Altai_N_old), (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 178).

Transbaikal_EMN​

Transbaikal_EMN, consisting of younger individuals in the Transbaikal_EMN cluster can be either modeled as descending completely in a one-way model from Transbaikal_EMN_old or two-way model with small additional contribution from China_NEastAsia_Inland_EN (represented by Yumin individual), (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 178).

China_AmurRiver_N​

This population, consisting of individuals from the Amur River Basin region younger than ~8000 BP, can be modeled as descending almost entirely (~77-98%) from prior populations of the Amur River region (China_AmurRiver_EarlyN or China_AmurRiver_Mesolithic) in multiple 2-way models with the addition of a small contribution from one other, typically Northeast Asian or APS source (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 178).
The individuals labelled as Russia_Boisman_MN and Devils_Gate_N from the Amur Basin region are also associated with this ancestral cluster. Present day Tungusic populations from the region also show strong correlation with this ancestry.

Cisbaikal_EN​

Models of Cisbaikal_EN, which includes individuals from the Cisbaikal region from ~8000BP to ~6800BP, with major contributions from Transbaikal_EMN_old (~65%-79%), and minor contributions from an APS population (Ust_Kyakhta_14kya ~35% or Khairygas_16.7kya ~31%), (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 178).

Mongolia_N_North​

A two-way model for Mongolia_N_North, from the northern region of the Mongolian plateau just south of Lake Baikal approximately 7500 BP, as an admixture between Transbaikal_EMN_old (~65%) + China_NEastAsia_Inland_EN (~35%) an alternatively with the addition of a small fraction (<7%) of ancestry from an ANE-rich source (either Altai_N_old or from a APS-related population such as Khairygas_16.7kya, Ust_Kyakhta_14kya, Dzhilinda1_M_N_8.4kya or Kolyma_M_10.1kya), (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 178)

Syalakh-Belkachi​

The Syalakh-Belkachi population in the Middle Lena river valley in Central Yakutia from 6800-6300 BP can be modeled as descending entirely from the Mesolithic Northern Buryatian Dzhilinda1_M_N_8.4kya. On the other passing 2-way models with higher p-values, where Syalakh-Belkachi continues to demonstrate majority descent from Dzhilinda1_M_N_8.4kya with a minor contribution (~10-20%) from a broadly East-Asian-related population whose identity is poorly resolved. In other passing models, major contribution from Dzhilinda1_M_N_8.4kya (~76%) and a minor contribution from a population rich in Inland Northeast Asian ancestry (represented by the Yumin individual under the group label China_NEastAsia_Inland_EN), either Cisbaikal_EN, Transbaikal_EMN_old or Mongolia_N_North (~24%) is observed (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 178-179)
This population shows high affinity with the Paleo Eskimo-Inuit cultures and may represent the major ancestral source contributed to them. A close genetic relationship was found between the Paleo-Inuit individual from the Saqqaq site in Greenland and the Syalakh-Belkachi population. 3-way models for Saqqaq individual results in ~64% – ~79% Syalakh-Belkachi-like admixture with the remaining from Kolyma_M_10.1kya and an East Asian source rich in Inland Northeast Asian ancestry (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 204).
In turn, the Saqqaq related ancestry persisted on either side of the Bering Straits among the ancient populations related to Eskimo-Aleut speakers. It is present at high levels in individuals from Old Bering Sea sites (~ up to ~43%) and in an individual from the classic Thule culture (up to ~59%), who is very similar to present-day Inuit. On the other hand a Native American-related source is present in passing models for all of these groups, which in the case of the Old Bering Sea culture suggests back-migration from the New World to Chukotka (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 212).
Saqqaq.SG ancestry persists along the Northern shores of the Sea of Okhotsk in a population from the Tokarev culture from ~3000 BP (Magadan_BA). This population is very similar to present-day Chukotko-Kamchatkans, and has very complex ancestry, with contributions from at least a Kolyma_M_10.1kya-related source and a Native American-related source on top of Saqqaq.SG ancestry; the remainder is drawn from East Asian-related sources (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 212).
Ancestry related to that found in Syalakh-Belkachi also persists in an Iron Age Yakutian (~2600BP) from the Middle Lena River Valley, who can be modeled as cladal with Yakutia_LNBA. This individual is extremely similar to present-day Yukaghirs and Nganasans (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 212)
While all ancient populations from Beringia and Arctic North America require a Saqqaq.SG-related source for passing models,suprisingly Ancient Athabaskans do not share in this pattern. The models indicate that ancient Athabaskans can be modeled without any ancestry from Saqqaq.SG (i.e., with Saqqaq.SG retained in the reference populations); rather, in a 3-way model where most ancestry comes from a Native-American-related and a Kolyma_M_10.1kya-related source, model p-values are maximized by a minor (~9-13%) contribution from a third source that may be either Cisbaikal_LNBA or the closely-related Ust_Kyakhta_14kya (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 213).

Yakutia_LNBA​

Yakutia_LNBA, comprising individuals dating to ~4500-3200 years BP and from a region stretching from the Kan river valley in the Southeastern Krasnoyarsk region, to the Middle to Lower Lena valley in Central Yakutia and the Kolyma River basin in far Northeastern Yakutia close to Beringia, can be modeled as a three-way admixture between Syalakh-Belkachi (~50%), Transbaikal_EMN (~42%), and a source related to Amur River-related populations (~8%) (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 182).
The Yakutia_LNBA genetic cluster has strong correlation with the Uralic speaking populations. The recent comprehensive analysis shows that this ancestry distinguishes Uralic speaking populations from their non-Uralic speaking neighbours. The Uralic peoples derive the majority, and in some cases all of their East Asian-related ancestry, from this source (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 214-215)

Cisbaikal_LNBA​

A model of Cisbaikal_LNBA as deriving most of its ancestry (~86%) from Ust_Kyakhta_14kya, with some ancestry from Inland Northeast Asians (~14%), is the only model passing with a high p-value. The origin of the Cisbaikal_LNBA is not clear and thought to be descended from an unsampled population that is related to but younger than Ust_Kyakhta_14kya (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 184).
Cisbaikal_LNBA ancestry, represented mostly by the individuals associated with Glazkov Culture, shows strong correlation with Yenisean speakers and constantly required as a source when modelling populations in the Yenisei Basin such as Yenisean speaking Kets, Uralic speaking Enets and Selkup and Turkic speaking populations (Tuvinian, Tofalar, Tubalar, Altaian, Altaian_Chelkan, Kakhass, Kakhass_Kachin, Shor, Shor_Mountain, and Todzin) which is not the case for other Turkic or Uralic peoples (Zeng et al. 2023, sup. mat. p. 219-220)

China_NEastAsia_Inland_EN​

Represented by the Yumin (~8000 BP) individual. This ancestry seems to have significantly contributed to many later populations in Northeast Asia.

Jomon Ancestry​

Represented by 8,000–3,000-year-old hunter-gatherer individuals in Japan. The oldest individual sampled to date is Higashimyo, from Kyushu, Japan. Populations associated with this ancestry contributed partially to present-day Japanese populations (Yang et al. 2022).

Southeast Asia​

China_YellowRiver_N​

Represented by the Neolithic individuals from the Yellow River region, China. This ancestry is associated with theProto Tibeto-Sinitic languages and the major ancestral source that contributed to present day South and East Asian populations (Han Chinese, Tibetan, Korean, Japanese and etc.). The Neolithic individuals grouped under China_NEastAsia_Coastal_EN label are also closely related to the Neolithic Yellow River ancestry (Yang et al. 2022).

Fujian Ancestry​

The ancestry described in Yang et. al, 2020 and 2021 , consisted of 4 groups based on the Neolithic era samples obtained from Fujian, China;

​

China_SEastAsia_Coastal_EN,
China_SEastAsia_Coastal_LN,
China_SEastAsia_Island_EN,
China_SEastAsia_Island_LN.

This ancestry is found in high levels in Austronesian populations and thought to be associated with Austronesian expansions. It is also one of the most significant ancestries shared in high levels among the present day East and Southeast Asians.

South Asia​

Ancient Ancestral South Indian (AASI)​

AASI is another “ghost” population, detected by indirect methods. Ancestry associated with the AASI lineage was found at low levels in almost all present-day Indian populations, particularly southern Indians. This ancestry has deep relationships with the other ancient East Eurasian ancestries and Onge or Irula populations frequenlty used as a proxy to represent this ancestry (Yang et al. 2022).

1. Zeng, T. C., et al. (2023). Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages (pre-Print). BioRixv.
   

   Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages

   The North Eurasian forest and forest-steppe zones have sustained millennia of sociocultural connections among northern peoples. We present genome-wide ancient DNA data for 181 individuals from this region spanning the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age. We find that Early to Mid-Holocene...

   doi.org
2. Yang, M., (2022). A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia. Hum Popul Genet Genom. 2(1):0001. https://doi.org/10.47248/hpgg2202010001
3. Yang, M., et al. (2020). Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China. Science 369,282-288. DOI:10.1126/science.aba0909

 

[Looks over NT]

chickencurry/meraki is 5'7

 

[Looks over NT]

and malaysian

 

[LTNUser]

Haha no way he's a Malaysian

chickencurry/meraki is 5'7

 

[Looks over NT]

Haha no way he's a Malaysian

its common knowledge now. no wonder hes insecure about his ethnicity and never specifically says what it is anymore

 

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