learncpp.com

[Abhorrence]

LEARN C++​

Skill up with our free tutorials
Skip to content

• SITE INDEX
• LATEST CHANGES
• ABOUT
  • 
    
  • 
    
  • 
    
  • 
    
• SEARCH

LearnCpp.com is a free website devoted to teaching you how to program in C++. Whether you’ve had any prior programming experience or not, the tutorials on this site will walk you through all the steps to write, compile, and debug your C++ programs, all with plenty of examples.
Becoming an expert won’t happen overnight, but with a little patience, you’ll get there. And LearnCpp.com will show you the way.
Sept 11: We just rolled out 52 (yes, fifty-two) rewritten lessons.
You can find these in chapters 14, 15, 16, and 17. These lessons contain new and updated content, modernized best practices, and lots of examples.
If you find a content issue on a specific article, please leave a comment on that article.
If you find a general site issue (e.g. broken functionality), please report here.
We hope you enjoy the new content!

---

Chapter 0
Introduction / Getting Started
0.1
Introduction to these tutorials
0.2
Introduction to programming languages
0.3
Introduction to C/C++
0.4
Introduction to C++ development
0.5
Introduction to the compiler, linker, and libraries
0.6
Installing an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
0.7
Compiling your first program
0.8
A few common C++ problems
0.9
Configuring your compiler: Build configurations
0.10
Configuring your compiler: Compiler extensions
0.11
Configuring your compiler: Warning and error levels
0.12
Configuring your compiler: Choosing a language standard
Chapter 1
C++ Basics
1.1
Statements and the structure of a program
1.2
Comments
1.3
Introduction to objects and variables
1.4
Variable assignment and initialization
1.5
Introduction to iostream: cout, cin, and endl
1.6
Uninitialized variables and undefined behavior
1.7
Keywords and naming identifiers
1.8
Whitespace and basic formatting
1.9
Introduction to literals and operators
1.10
Introduction to expressions
1.11
Developing your first program
1.x
Chapter 1 summary and quiz
AD



Chapter 2
C++ Basics: Functions and Files
2.1
Introduction to functions
2.2
Function return values (value-returning functions)
2.3
Void functions (non-value returning functions)
2.4
Introduction to function parameters and arguments
2.5
Introduction to local scope
2.6
Why functions are useful, and how to use them effectively
2.7
Forward declarations and definitions
2.8
Programs with multiple code files
2.9
Naming collisions and an introduction to namespaces
2.10
Introduction to the preprocessor
2.11
Header files
2.12
Header guards
2.13
How to design your first programs
2.x
Chapter 2 summary and quiz
Chapter 3
Debugging C++ Programs
3.1
Syntax and semantic errors
3.2
The debugging process
3.3
A strategy for debugging
3.4
Basic debugging tactics
3.5
More debugging tactics
3.6
Using an integrated debugger: Stepping
3.7
Using an integrated debugger: Running and breakpoints
3.8
Using an integrated debugger: Watching variables
3.9
Using an integrated debugger: The call stack
3.10
Finding issues before they become problems
3.x
Chapter 3 summary and quiz
Chapter 4
Fundamental Data Types
4.1
Introduction to fundamental data types
4.2
Void
4.3
Object sizes and the sizeof operator
4.4
Signed integers
4.5
Unsigned integers, and why to avoid them
4.6
Fixed-width integers and size_t
4.7
Introduction to scientific notation
4.8
Floating point numbers
4.9
Boolean values
4.10
Introduction to if statements
4.11
Chars
4.12
Introduction to type conversion and static_cast
4.x
Chapter 4 summary and quiz

Chapter 5
Constants and Strings
5.1
Constant variables (named constants)
5.2
Literals
Moved
5.3
Numeral systems (decimal, binary, hexadecimal, and octal)
Moved
5.4
Constant expressions and compile-time optimization
Moved
5.5
Constexpr variables
Split
5.6
The conditional operator
Split
5.7
Inline functions and variables
Updated
5.8
Constexpr and consteval functions
Updated
5.9
Introduction to std::string
5.10
Introduction to std::string_view
5.11
std::string_view (part 2)
5.x
Chapter 5 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 6
Operators
6.1
Operator precedence and associativity
6.2
Arithmetic operators
6.3
Remainder and Exponentiation
6.4
Increment/decrement operators, and side effects
6.5
The comma operator
6.6
Relational operators and floating point comparisons
6.7
Logical operators
6.x
Chapter 6 summary and quiz
Chapter O
Bit Manipulation (optional chapter)
O.1
Bit flags and bit manipulation via std::bitset
O.2
Bitwise operators
O.3
Bit manipulation with bitwise operators and bit masks
O.4
Converting integers between binary and decimal representation
Chapter 7
Scope, Duration, and Linkage
7.1
Compound statements (blocks)
7.2
User-defined namespaces and the scope resolution operator
7.3
Local variables
7.4
Introduction to global variables
7.5
Variable shadowing (name hiding)
7.6
Internal linkage
7.7
External linkage and variable forward declarations
7.8
Why (non-const) global variables are evil
7.9
Sharing global constants across multiple files (using inline variables)
7.10
Static local variables
7.11
Scope, duration, and linkage summary
7.12
Using declarations and using directives
7.13
Unnamed and inline namespaces
7.x
Chapter 7 summary and quiz

Chapter 8
Control Flow
8.1
Control flow introduction
8.2
If statements and blocks
8.3
Common if statement problems
8.4
Constexpr if statements
8.5
Switch statement basics
8.6
Switch fallthrough and scoping
8.7
Goto statements
8.8
Introduction to loops and while statements
8.9
Do while statements
8.10
For statements
8.11
Break and continue
8.12
Halts (exiting your program early)
8.13
Introduction to random number generation
Moved
8.14
Generating random numbers using Mersenne Twister
Moved
8.15
Global random numbers (Random.h)
Split
8.x
Chapter 8 summary and quiz
Chapter 9
Error Detection and Handling
9.1
Introduction to testing your code
9.2
Code coverage
9.3
Common semantic errors in C++
9.4
Detecting and handling errors
9.5
std::cin and handling invalid input
9.6
Assert and static_assert
9.x
Chapter 9 summary and quiz
Chapter 10
Type Conversion, Type Aliases, and Type Deduction
10.1
Implicit type conversion
10.2
Floating-point and integral promotion
10.3
Numeric conversions
10.4
Narrowing conversions, list initialization, and constexpr initializers
10.5
Arithmetic conversions
10.6
Explicit type conversion (casting) and static_cast
10.7
Typedefs and type aliases
10.8
Type deduction for objects using the auto keyword
10.9
Type deduction for functions
10.x
Chapter 10 summary and quiz
Chapter 11
Function Overloading and Function Templates
11.1
Introduction to function overloading
11.2
Function overload differentiation
11.3
Function overload resolution and ambiguous matches
11.4
Deleting functions
New
11.5
Default arguments
11.6
Function templates
11.7
Function template instantiation
11.8
Function templates with multiple template types
11.9
Non-type template parameters
11.x
Chapter 11 summary and quiz

Chapter 12
Compound Types: References and Pointers
12.1
Introduction to compound data types
12.2
Value categories (lvalues and rvalues)
12.3
Lvalue references
12.4
Lvalue references to const
12.5
Pass by lvalue reference
12.6
Pass by const lvalue reference
12.7
Introduction to pointers
12.8
Null pointers
12.9
Pointers and const
12.10
Pass by address
12.11
Pass by address (part 2)
12.12
Return by reference and return by address
12.13
In and out parameters
12.14
Type deduction with pointers, references, and const
12.x
Chapter 12 summary and quiz
Chapter 13
Compound Types: Enums and Structs
13.1
Introduction to program-defined (user-defined) types
13.2
Unscoped enumerations
13.3
Unscoped enumeration input and output
13.4
Scoped enumerations (enum classes)
13.5
Introduction to structs, members, and member selection
13.6
Struct aggregate initialization
13.7
Default member initialization
13.8
Passing and returning structs
13.9
Struct miscellany
13.10
Member selection with pointers and references
13.11
Class templates
13.12
Class template argument deduction (CTAD) and deduction guides
13.13
Alias templates
13.x
Chapter 13 summary and quiz
13.y
Using a language reference
Chapter 14
Introduction to Classes
14.1
Introduction to object-oriented programming
Updated
14.2
Introduction to classes
Updated
14.3
Member functions
Updated
14.4
Const class objects and const member functions
Moved
14.5
Public and private members and access specifiers
Updated
14.6
Access functions
Updated
14.7
Member functions returning references to data members
Split
14.8
The benefits of data hiding (encapsulation)
Updated
14.9
Introduction to constructors
Updated
14.10
Constructor member initializer lists
Updated
14.11
Default constructors and default arguments
Updated
14.12
Delegating constructors
Updated
14.13
Temporary class objects
Updated
14.14
Introduction to the copy constructor
Updated
14.15
Class initialization and copy elision
Updated
14.16
Converting constructors and the explicit keyword
Updated
14.x
Chapter 14 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 15
More on Classes
15.1
The hidden “this” pointer and member function chaining
Updated
15.2
Classes and header files
Updated
15.3
Nested types (member types)
Updated
15.4
Introduction to destructors
Updated
15.5
Class templates with member functions
Updated
15.6
Static member variables
Updated
15.7
Static member functions
Updated
15.8
Friend non-member functions
Updated
15.9
Friend classes and friend member functions
Updated
15.10
Ref qualifiers
Split
15.x
Chapter 15 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 16
Dynamic arrays: std::vector
16.1
Introduction to containers and arrays
New
16.2
Introduction to std::vector and list constructors
Updated
16.3
std::vector and the unsigned length and subscript problem
New
16.4
Passing std::vector
New
16.5
Returning std::vector, and an introduction to move semantics
Split
16.6
Arrays and loops
Updated
16.7
Arrays, loops, and sign challenge solutions
New
16.8
Range-based for loops (for-each)
Updated
16.9
Array indexing and length using enumerators
Updated
16.10
std::vector resizing and capacity
Updated
16.11
std::vector and stack behavior
Updated
16.12
std::vector<bool>
New
16.x
Chapter 16 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 17
Fixed-size arrays: std::array and C-style arrays
17.1
Introduction to std::array
Updated
17.2
std::array length and indexing
New
17.3
Passing and returning std::array
New
17.4
std::array of class types, and brace elision
Updated
17.5
Arrays of references via std::reference_wrapper
New
17.6
std::array and enumerations
New
17.7
Introduction to C-style arrays
Updated
17.8
C-style array decay
Updated
17.9
Pointer arithmetic and subscripting
Updated
17.10
C-style strings
Updated
17.11
C-style string symbolic constants
Updated
17.12
Multidimensional C-style Arrays
Updated
17.13
Multidimensional std::array
New
17.x
Chapter 17 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 18
Iterators and Algorithms (under construction)
18.1
Sorting an array using selection sort
18.2
Introduction to iterators
18.3
Introduction to standard library algorithms
18.4
Timing your code
Chapter 19
Dynamic Allocation (under construction)
19.1
Dynamic memory allocation with new and delete
19.2
Dynamically allocating arrays
19.3
Destructors
19.4
Pointers to pointers and dynamic multidimensional arrays
19.5
Void pointers
Chapter 20
Functions
20.1
Function Pointers
20.2
The stack and the heap
20.3
Recursion
20.4
Command line arguments
20.5
Ellipsis (and why to avoid them)
20.6
Introduction to lambdas (anonymous functions)
20.7
Lambda captures
20.x
Chapter 20 summary and quiz
Chapter 21
Operator Overloading
21.1
Introduction to operator overloading
21.2
Overloading the arithmetic operators using friend functions
21.3
Overloading operators using normal functions
21.4
Overloading the I/O operators
21.5
Overloading operators using member functions
21.6
Overloading unary operators +, -, and !
21.7
Overloading the comparison operators
21.8
Overloading the increment and decrement operators
21.9
Overloading the subscript operator
21.10
Overloading the parenthesis operator
21.11
Overloading typecasts
21.12
Overloading the assignment operator
21.13
Shallow vs. deep copying
21.14
Overloading operators and function templates
21.x
Chapter 21 summary and quiz
21.y
Chapter 21 project
Chapter 22
Move Semantics and Smart Pointers
22.1
Introduction to smart pointers and move semantics
22.2
R-value references
22.3
Move constructors and move assignment
22.4
std::move
22.5
std::unique_ptr
22.6
std::shared_ptr
22.7
Circular dependency issues with std::shared_ptr, and std::weak_ptr
22.x
Chapter 22 summary and quiz
Chapter 23
Object Relationships
23.1
Object relationships
23.2
Composition
23.3
Aggregation
23.4
Association
23.5
Dependencies
23.6
Container classes
23.7
std::initializer_list
23.x
Chapter 23 summary and quiz
Chapter 24
Inheritance
24.1
Introduction to inheritance
24.2
Basic inheritance in C++
24.3
Order of construction of derived classes
24.4
Constructors and initialization of derived classes
24.5
Inheritance and access specifiers
24.6
Adding new functionality to a derived class
24.7
Calling inherited functions and overriding behavior
24.8
Hiding inherited functionality
24.9
Multiple inheritance
24.x
Chapter 24 summary and quiz
Chapter 25
Virtual Functions
25.1
Pointers and references to the base class of derived objects
25.2
Virtual functions and polymorphism
25.3
The override and final specifiers, and covariant return types
25.4
Virtual destructors, virtual assignment, and overriding virtualization
25.5
Early binding and late binding
25.6
The virtual table
25.7
Pure virtual functions, abstract base classes, and interface classes
25.8
Virtual base classes
25.9
Object slicing
25.10
Dynamic casting
25.11
Printing inherited classes using operator<<
25.x
Chapter 25 summary and quiz
Chapter 26
Templates and Classes
26.1
Template classes
26.2
Template non-type parameters
26.3
Function template specialization
26.4
Class template specialization
26.5
Partial template specialization
26.6
Partial template specialization for pointers
26.x
Chapter 26 summary and quiz
Chapter 27
Exceptions
27.1
The need for exceptions
27.2
Basic exception handling
27.3
Exceptions, functions, and stack unwinding
27.4
Uncaught exceptions and catch-all handlers
27.5
Exceptions, classes, and inheritance
27.6
Rethrowing exceptions
27.7
Function try blocks
27.8
Exception dangers and downsides
27.9
Exception specifications and noexcept
27.10
std::move_if_noexcept
Moved
27.x
Chapter 27 summary and quiz
Chapter 28
Input and Output (I/O)
28.1
Input and output (I/O) streams
28.2
Input with istream
28.3
Output with ostream and ios
28.4
Stream classes for strings
28.5
Stream states and input validation
28.6
Basic file I/O
28.7
Random file I/O
Appendix A
Miscellaneous Subjects
A.1
Static and dynamic libraries
A.2
Using libraries with Visual Studio
A.3
Using libraries with Code::Blocks
A.4
C++ FAQ
Appendix B
C++ Updates
B.1
Introduction to C++11
B.2
Introduction to C++14
B.3
Introduction to C++17
B.4
Introduction to C++20
Appendix C
The End
C.1
The end?
Appendix D
Deprecated Articles (will be removed soon)
21.1
The Standard Library
21.2
STL containers overview
21.3
STL iterators overview
21.4
STL algorithms overview
22.1
std::string and std::wstring
22.2
std::string construction and destruction
22.3
std::string length and capacity
22.4
std::string character access and conversion to C-style arrays
22.5
std::string assignment and swapping
22.6
std::string appending
22.7
std::string inserting

 

[Xtra]

LEARN C++​

Skill up with our free tutorials
Skip to content

• SITE INDEX
• LATEST CHANGES
• ABOUT
  • 
    
  • 
    
  • 
    
  • 
    
• SEARCH

LearnCpp.com is a free website devoted to teaching you how to program in C++. Whether you’ve had any prior programming experience or not, the tutorials on this site will walk you through all the steps to write, compile, and debug your C++ programs, all with plenty of examples.
Becoming an expert won’t happen overnight, but with a little patience, you’ll get there. And LearnCpp.com will show you the way.
Sept 11: We just rolled out 52 (yes, fifty-two) rewritten lessons.
You can find these in chapters 14, 15, 16, and 17. These lessons contain new and updated content, modernized best practices, and lots of examples.
If you find a content issue on a specific article, please leave a comment on that article.
If you find a general site issue (e.g. broken functionality), please report here.
We hope you enjoy the new content!

---

Chapter 0
Introduction / Getting Started
0.1
Introduction to these tutorials
0.2
Introduction to programming languages
0.3
Introduction to C/C++
0.4
Introduction to C++ development
0.5
Introduction to the compiler, linker, and libraries
0.6
Installing an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
0.7
Compiling your first program
0.8
A few common C++ problems
0.9
Configuring your compiler: Build configurations
0.10
Configuring your compiler: Compiler extensions
0.11
Configuring your compiler: Warning and error levels
0.12
Configuring your compiler: Choosing a language standard
Chapter 1
C++ Basics
1.1
Statements and the structure of a program
1.2
Comments
1.3
Introduction to objects and variables
1.4
Variable assignment and initialization
1.5
Introduction to iostream: cout, cin, and endl
1.6
Uninitialized variables and undefined behavior
1.7
Keywords and naming identifiers
1.8
Whitespace and basic formatting
1.9
Introduction to literals and operators
1.10
Introduction to expressions
1.11
Developing your first program
1.x
Chapter 1 summary and quiz
AD



Chapter 2
C++ Basics: Functions and Files
2.1
Introduction to functions
2.2
Function return values (value-returning functions)
2.3
Void functions (non-value returning functions)
2.4
Introduction to function parameters and arguments
2.5
Introduction to local scope
2.6
Why functions are useful, and how to use them effectively
2.7
Forward declarations and definitions
2.8
Programs with multiple code files
2.9
Naming collisions and an introduction to namespaces
2.10
Introduction to the preprocessor
2.11
Header files
2.12
Header guards
2.13
How to design your first programs
2.x
Chapter 2 summary and quiz
Chapter 3
Debugging C++ Programs
3.1
Syntax and semantic errors
3.2
The debugging process
3.3
A strategy for debugging
3.4
Basic debugging tactics
3.5
More debugging tactics
3.6
Using an integrated debugger: Stepping
3.7
Using an integrated debugger: Running and breakpoints
3.8
Using an integrated debugger: Watching variables
3.9
Using an integrated debugger: The call stack
3.10
Finding issues before they become problems
3.x
Chapter 3 summary and quiz
Chapter 4
Fundamental Data Types
4.1
Introduction to fundamental data types
4.2
Void
4.3
Object sizes and the sizeof operator
4.4
Signed integers
4.5
Unsigned integers, and why to avoid them
4.6
Fixed-width integers and size_t
4.7
Introduction to scientific notation
4.8
Floating point numbers
4.9
Boolean values
4.10
Introduction to if statements
4.11
Chars
4.12
Introduction to type conversion and static_cast
4.x
Chapter 4 summary and quiz

Chapter 5
Constants and Strings
5.1
Constant variables (named constants)
5.2
Literals
Moved
5.3
Numeral systems (decimal, binary, hexadecimal, and octal)
Moved
5.4
Constant expressions and compile-time optimization
Moved
5.5
Constexpr variables
Split
5.6
The conditional operator
Split
5.7
Inline functions and variables
Updated
5.8
Constexpr and consteval functions
Updated
5.9
Introduction to std::string
5.10
Introduction to std::string_view
5.11
std::string_view (part 2)
5.x
Chapter 5 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 6
Operators
6.1
Operator precedence and associativity
6.2
Arithmetic operators
6.3
Remainder and Exponentiation
6.4
Increment/decrement operators, and side effects
6.5
The comma operator
6.6
Relational operators and floating point comparisons
6.7
Logical operators
6.x
Chapter 6 summary and quiz
Chapter O
Bit Manipulation (optional chapter)
O.1
Bit flags and bit manipulation via std::bitset
O.2
Bitwise operators
O.3
Bit manipulation with bitwise operators and bit masks
O.4
Converting integers between binary and decimal representation
Chapter 7
Scope, Duration, and Linkage
7.1
Compound statements (blocks)
7.2
User-defined namespaces and the scope resolution operator
7.3
Local variables
7.4
Introduction to global variables
7.5
Variable shadowing (name hiding)
7.6
Internal linkage
7.7
External linkage and variable forward declarations
7.8
Why (non-const) global variables are evil
7.9
Sharing global constants across multiple files (using inline variables)
7.10
Static local variables
7.11
Scope, duration, and linkage summary
7.12
Using declarations and using directives
7.13
Unnamed and inline namespaces
7.x
Chapter 7 summary and quiz

Chapter 8
Control Flow
8.1
Control flow introduction
8.2
If statements and blocks
8.3
Common if statement problems
8.4
Constexpr if statements
8.5
Switch statement basics
8.6
Switch fallthrough and scoping
8.7
Goto statements
8.8
Introduction to loops and while statements
8.9
Do while statements
8.10
For statements
8.11
Break and continue
8.12
Halts (exiting your program early)
8.13
Introduction to random number generation
Moved
8.14
Generating random numbers using Mersenne Twister
Moved
8.15
Global random numbers (Random.h)
Split
8.x
Chapter 8 summary and quiz
Chapter 9
Error Detection and Handling
9.1
Introduction to testing your code
9.2
Code coverage
9.3
Common semantic errors in C++
9.4
Detecting and handling errors
9.5
std::cin and handling invalid input
9.6
Assert and static_assert
9.x
Chapter 9 summary and quiz
Chapter 10
Type Conversion, Type Aliases, and Type Deduction
10.1
Implicit type conversion
10.2
Floating-point and integral promotion
10.3
Numeric conversions
10.4
Narrowing conversions, list initialization, and constexpr initializers
10.5
Arithmetic conversions
10.6
Explicit type conversion (casting) and static_cast
10.7
Typedefs and type aliases
10.8
Type deduction for objects using the auto keyword
10.9
Type deduction for functions
10.x
Chapter 10 summary and quiz
Chapter 11
Function Overloading and Function Templates
11.1
Introduction to function overloading
11.2
Function overload differentiation
11.3
Function overload resolution and ambiguous matches
11.4
Deleting functions
New
11.5
Default arguments
11.6
Function templates
11.7
Function template instantiation
11.8
Function templates with multiple template types
11.9
Non-type template parameters
11.x
Chapter 11 summary and quiz

Chapter 12
Compound Types: References and Pointers
12.1
Introduction to compound data types
12.2
Value categories (lvalues and rvalues)
12.3
Lvalue references
12.4
Lvalue references to const
12.5
Pass by lvalue reference
12.6
Pass by const lvalue reference
12.7
Introduction to pointers
12.8
Null pointers
12.9
Pointers and const
12.10
Pass by address
12.11
Pass by address (part 2)
12.12
Return by reference and return by address
12.13
In and out parameters
12.14
Type deduction with pointers, references, and const
12.x
Chapter 12 summary and quiz
Chapter 13
Compound Types: Enums and Structs
13.1
Introduction to program-defined (user-defined) types
13.2
Unscoped enumerations
13.3
Unscoped enumeration input and output
13.4
Scoped enumerations (enum classes)
13.5
Introduction to structs, members, and member selection
13.6
Struct aggregate initialization
13.7
Default member initialization
13.8
Passing and returning structs
13.9
Struct miscellany
13.10
Member selection with pointers and references
13.11
Class templates
13.12
Class template argument deduction (CTAD) and deduction guides
13.13
Alias templates
13.x
Chapter 13 summary and quiz
13.y
Using a language reference
Chapter 14
Introduction to Classes
14.1
Introduction to object-oriented programming
Updated
14.2
Introduction to classes
Updated
14.3
Member functions
Updated
14.4
Const class objects and const member functions
Moved
14.5
Public and private members and access specifiers
Updated
14.6
Access functions
Updated
14.7
Member functions returning references to data members
Split
14.8
The benefits of data hiding (encapsulation)
Updated
14.9
Introduction to constructors
Updated
14.10
Constructor member initializer lists
Updated
14.11
Default constructors and default arguments
Updated
14.12
Delegating constructors
Updated
14.13
Temporary class objects
Updated
14.14
Introduction to the copy constructor
Updated
14.15
Class initialization and copy elision
Updated
14.16
Converting constructors and the explicit keyword
Updated
14.x
Chapter 14 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 15
More on Classes
15.1
The hidden “this” pointer and member function chaining
Updated
15.2
Classes and header files
Updated
15.3
Nested types (member types)
Updated
15.4
Introduction to destructors
Updated
15.5
Class templates with member functions
Updated
15.6
Static member variables
Updated
15.7
Static member functions
Updated
15.8
Friend non-member functions
Updated
15.9
Friend classes and friend member functions
Updated
15.10
Ref qualifiers
Split
15.x
Chapter 15 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 16
Dynamic arrays: std::vector
16.1
Introduction to containers and arrays
New
16.2
Introduction to std::vector and list constructors
Updated
16.3
std::vector and the unsigned length and subscript problem
New
16.4
Passing std::vector
New
16.5
Returning std::vector, and an introduction to move semantics
Split
16.6
Arrays and loops
Updated
16.7
Arrays, loops, and sign challenge solutions
New
16.8
Range-based for loops (for-each)
Updated
16.9
Array indexing and length using enumerators
Updated
16.10
std::vector resizing and capacity
Updated
16.11
std::vector and stack behavior
Updated
16.12
std::vector<bool>
New
16.x
Chapter 16 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 17
Fixed-size arrays: std::array and C-style arrays
17.1
Introduction to std::array
Updated
17.2
std::array length and indexing
New
17.3
Passing and returning std::array
New
17.4
std::array of class types, and brace elision
Updated
17.5
Arrays of references via std::reference_wrapper
New
17.6
std::array and enumerations
New
17.7
Introduction to C-style arrays
Updated
17.8
C-style array decay
Updated
17.9
Pointer arithmetic and subscripting
Updated
17.10
C-style strings
Updated
17.11
C-style string symbolic constants
Updated
17.12
Multidimensional C-style Arrays
Updated
17.13
Multidimensional std::array
New
17.x
Chapter 17 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 18
Iterators and Algorithms (under construction)
18.1
Sorting an array using selection sort
18.2
Introduction to iterators
18.3
Introduction to standard library algorithms
18.4
Timing your code
Chapter 19
Dynamic Allocation (under construction)
19.1
Dynamic memory allocation with new and delete
19.2
Dynamically allocating arrays
19.3
Destructors
19.4
Pointers to pointers and dynamic multidimensional arrays
19.5
Void pointers
Chapter 20
Functions
20.1
Function Pointers
20.2
The stack and the heap
20.3
Recursion
20.4
Command line arguments
20.5
Ellipsis (and why to avoid them)
20.6
Introduction to lambdas (anonymous functions)
20.7
Lambda captures
20.x
Chapter 20 summary and quiz
Chapter 21
Operator Overloading
21.1
Introduction to operator overloading
21.2
Overloading the arithmetic operators using friend functions
21.3
Overloading operators using normal functions
21.4
Overloading the I/O operators
21.5
Overloading operators using member functions
21.6
Overloading unary operators +, -, and !
21.7
Overloading the comparison operators
21.8
Overloading the increment and decrement operators
21.9
Overloading the subscript operator
21.10
Overloading the parenthesis operator
21.11
Overloading typecasts
21.12
Overloading the assignment operator
21.13
Shallow vs. deep copying
21.14
Overloading operators and function templates
21.x
Chapter 21 summary and quiz
21.y
Chapter 21 project
Chapter 22
Move Semantics and Smart Pointers
22.1
Introduction to smart pointers and move semantics
22.2
R-value references
22.3
Move constructors and move assignment
22.4
std::move
22.5
std::unique_ptr
22.6
std::shared_ptr
22.7
Circular dependency issues with std::shared_ptr, and std::weak_ptr
22.x
Chapter 22 summary and quiz
Chapter 23
Object Relationships
23.1
Object relationships
23.2
Composition
23.3
Aggregation
23.4
Association
23.5
Dependencies
23.6
Container classes
23.7
std::initializer_list
23.x
Chapter 23 summary and quiz
Chapter 24
Inheritance
24.1
Introduction to inheritance
24.2
Basic inheritance in C++
24.3
Order of construction of derived classes
24.4
Constructors and initialization of derived classes
24.5
Inheritance and access specifiers
24.6
Adding new functionality to a derived class
24.7
Calling inherited functions and overriding behavior
24.8
Hiding inherited functionality
24.9
Multiple inheritance
24.x
Chapter 24 summary and quiz
Chapter 25
Virtual Functions
25.1
Pointers and references to the base class of derived objects
25.2
Virtual functions and polymorphism
25.3
The override and final specifiers, and covariant return types
25.4
Virtual destructors, virtual assignment, and overriding virtualization
25.5
Early binding and late binding
25.6
The virtual table
25.7
Pure virtual functions, abstract base classes, and interface classes
25.8
Virtual base classes
25.9
Object slicing
25.10
Dynamic casting
25.11
Printing inherited classes using operator<<
25.x
Chapter 25 summary and quiz
Chapter 26
Templates and Classes
26.1
Template classes
26.2
Template non-type parameters
26.3
Function template specialization
26.4
Class template specialization
26.5
Partial template specialization
26.6
Partial template specialization for pointers
26.x
Chapter 26 summary and quiz
Chapter 27
Exceptions
27.1
The need for exceptions
27.2
Basic exception handling
27.3
Exceptions, functions, and stack unwinding
27.4
Uncaught exceptions and catch-all handlers
27.5
Exceptions, classes, and inheritance
27.6
Rethrowing exceptions
27.7
Function try blocks
27.8
Exception dangers and downsides
27.9
Exception specifications and noexcept
27.10
std::move_if_noexcept
Moved
27.x
Chapter 27 summary and quiz
Chapter 28
Input and Output (I/O)
28.1
Input and output (I/O) streams
28.2
Input with istream
28.3
Output with ostream and ios
28.4
Stream classes for strings
28.5
Stream states and input validation
28.6
Basic file I/O
28.7
Random file I/O
Appendix A
Miscellaneous Subjects
A.1
Static and dynamic libraries
A.2
Using libraries with Visual Studio
A.3
Using libraries with Code::Blocks
A.4
C++ FAQ
Appendix B
C++ Updates
B.1
Introduction to C++11
B.2
Introduction to C++14
B.3
Introduction to C++17
B.4
Introduction to C++20
Appendix C
The End
C.1
The end?
Appendix D
Deprecated Articles (will be removed soon)
21.1
The Standard Library
21.2
STL containers overview
21.3
STL iterators overview
21.4
STL algorithms overview
22.1
std::string and std::wstring
22.2
std::string construction and destruction
22.3
std::string length and capacity
22.4
std::string character access and conversion to C-style arrays
22.5
std::string assignment and swapping
22.6
std::string appending
22.7
std::string inserting

bro learned c++

 

[SlavicGeneral]

Nigga this shit is useless in 2024 jfl

 

[Deleted member 27066]

Nigga this shit is useless in 2024 jfl

Because AI?

 

[Abhorrence]

Nigga this shit is useless in 2024 jfl

cope

Because AI?

he is coping

 

[stunna]

At age 14 i sat at home, read this book and did the example exercises in it

Meanwhile chad was busy taking every foids virginity one after the other and sluts at that age had their first gangbangs

 

[SlavicGeneral]

Because AI?

No, multiple reasons.

C++ is senior-only thing that's used in old software. Meaning, you will never get a job in c++. It's good for deep understanding of memory allocation and shit, but you could just use C for that, as it does not have OOP and once you know basics of memory jump into a higher level language. Modern companies primarily develop for web, not Windows standalone. It's cool if you want to work in the game dev industry, but that is the worst paid industry in it so do what you wish with that info.

Secondly, as you mentioned AI is a huge threat. You can't be a programmer in 2024 if you want to make serious money. You need to be an AI engineer, ML engineer, aeroweapon engineer, work on embedded systems or do some other niche shit. Regular app developer is shit in 2024 and has been for a while.

Thirdly, development space is oversaturated as hell and only exceptional people will get selected. I am a developer btw.

 

[Deleted member 27066]

No, multiple reasons.

C++ is senior-only thing that's used in old software. Meaning, you will never get a job in c++. It's good for deep understanding of memory allocation and shit, but you could just use C for that, as it does not have OOP and once you know basics of memory jump into a higher level language. Modern companies primarily develop for web, not Windows standalone. It's cool if you want to work in the game dev industry, but that is the worst paid industry in it so do what you wish with that info.

Secondly, as you mentioned AI is a huge threat. You can't be a programmer in 2024 if you want to make serious money. You need to be an AI engineer, ML engineer, aeroweapon engineer, work on embedded systems or do some other niche shit. Regular app developer is shit in 2024 and has been for a while.

Thirdly, development space is oversaturated as hell and only exceptional people will get selected. I am a developer btw.

Bookmarked. Ty

 

[SlavicGeneral]

cope

he is coping

I'm not coping, I work as an engineer although I'm in uni. I'm probably the most knowledgeable about coding in general on here and cpp was my language of choice but I had to switch to Golang, Rust, Kotlin, etc. If somebody needs serious help with programming hit me up.

 

[Deleted member 52298]

Meanwhile chad was busy taking every foids virginity one after the other and sluts at that age had their first gangbangs

software engineering is the ultimate incel career tbh

all the guys in my uni are ugly af

but at least they get good money

 

[SlavicGeneral]

Bookmarked. Ty

Np, if you are serious about getting into coding start with C, transition to JavaScript. It's where the money is and where it will remain for the next couple years if you are not well-versed in mathematical topics such as graphics rendering/AI. Once you master js jump into react/angular/whatever is popular by the time you've learned js and you'll be able to get into this field actually. Mobile development is well-paid but very few jobs compared to js and different libraries. C++ is actually useful for AI engineers, but only once you get to the high-end positions (such as DeepMind at Google), most high-level AI coding is done in python libraries (think making easy cash from building a logo generation AI web app).

 

[stunna]

software engineering is the ultimate incel career tbh

all the guys in my uni are ugly af

but at least they get good money

I wasted my teens on this and then in the end dropped out of college...

But else i would have probably spend my time playing cs so it's whatever

 

[flippasav]

I feel sorry for myself after opening this

 

[Abhorrence]

I feel sorry for myself after opening this

why

 

[SlavicGeneral]

software engineering is the ultimate incel career tbh

all the guys in my uni are ugly af

but at least they get good money

Idk which uni you go to, but engineering is so hyped in EE that most smart guys and girls actually end up either in medical or engineering fields. Tbh there's many htn-chadlite guys in engineering here.


This girl is a fogger considering she's in programming, although very irritating to listen to.

 

[SlavicGeneral]

I wasted my teens on this and then in the end dropped out of college...

But else i would probably spend my time playing cs so it's whatever

You could always go back to coding, provided you are serious enough/more mature than you were in your teens and find success. It will probably take you no more than a year or two to land a job if you actually try hard.

 

[stunna]

You could always go back to coding, provided you are serious enough/more mature than you were in your teens and find success. It will probably take you no more than a year or two to land a job if you actually try hard.

if i wanted i could pick up some recent programming trend and maybe find a job if extremely lucky but i'd rather neet

 

[Abhorrence]

You could always go back to coding, provided you are serious enough/more mature than you were in your teens and find success. It will probably take you no more than a year or two to land a job if you actually try hard.

i ldared the whole 2023 and failed all my cs classes i want to get an intership fast what should i do
i dont know shit about programming but am good at math

 

[SlavicGeneral]

if i wanted i could pick up some recent programming trend and maybe find a job if extremely lucky but i'd rather neet

Yeah that's what keeping most of us from success lol. You actually don't need to be extremely lucky provided you are willing to volunteer at some company for a month, that will either lead to them accepting you to work or you having ability to demonstrated work experience to another company.

Most people who end up failing in programming usually just refuse to do unpaid work for a couple weeks, yet have no experience to show off and keep wondering why they get rejected.

Obviously neet is the easiest route.

 

[DR. NICKGA]

LEARN C++​

Skill up with our free tutorials
Skip to content

• SITE INDEX
• LATEST CHANGES
• ABOUT
  • 
    
  • 
    
  • 
    
  • 
    
• SEARCH

LearnCpp.com is a free website devoted to teaching you how to program in C++. Whether you’ve had any prior programming experience or not, the tutorials on this site will walk you through all the steps to write, compile, and debug your C++ programs, all with plenty of examples.
Becoming an expert won’t happen overnight, but with a little patience, you’ll get there. And LearnCpp.com will show you the way.
Sept 11: We just rolled out 52 (yes, fifty-two) rewritten lessons.
You can find these in chapters 14, 15, 16, and 17. These lessons contain new and updated content, modernized best practices, and lots of examples.
If you find a content issue on a specific article, please leave a comment on that article.
If you find a general site issue (e.g. broken functionality), please report here.
We hope you enjoy the new content!

---

Chapter 0
Introduction / Getting Started
0.1
Introduction to these tutorials
0.2
Introduction to programming languages
0.3
Introduction to C/C++
0.4
Introduction to C++ development
0.5
Introduction to the compiler, linker, and libraries
0.6
Installing an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
0.7
Compiling your first program
0.8
A few common C++ problems
0.9
Configuring your compiler: Build configurations
0.10
Configuring your compiler: Compiler extensions
0.11
Configuring your compiler: Warning and error levels
0.12
Configuring your compiler: Choosing a language standard
Chapter 1
C++ Basics
1.1
Statements and the structure of a program
1.2
Comments
1.3
Introduction to objects and variables
1.4
Variable assignment and initialization
1.5
Introduction to iostream: cout, cin, and endl
1.6
Uninitialized variables and undefined behavior
1.7
Keywords and naming identifiers
1.8
Whitespace and basic formatting
1.9
Introduction to literals and operators
1.10
Introduction to expressions
1.11
Developing your first program
1.x
Chapter 1 summary and quiz
AD



Chapter 2
C++ Basics: Functions and Files
2.1
Introduction to functions
2.2
Function return values (value-returning functions)
2.3
Void functions (non-value returning functions)
2.4
Introduction to function parameters and arguments
2.5
Introduction to local scope
2.6
Why functions are useful, and how to use them effectively
2.7
Forward declarations and definitions
2.8
Programs with multiple code files
2.9
Naming collisions and an introduction to namespaces
2.10
Introduction to the preprocessor
2.11
Header files
2.12
Header guards
2.13
How to design your first programs
2.x
Chapter 2 summary and quiz
Chapter 3
Debugging C++ Programs
3.1
Syntax and semantic errors
3.2
The debugging process
3.3
A strategy for debugging
3.4
Basic debugging tactics
3.5
More debugging tactics
3.6
Using an integrated debugger: Stepping
3.7
Using an integrated debugger: Running and breakpoints
3.8
Using an integrated debugger: Watching variables
3.9
Using an integrated debugger: The call stack
3.10
Finding issues before they become problems
3.x
Chapter 3 summary and quiz
Chapter 4
Fundamental Data Types
4.1
Introduction to fundamental data types
4.2
Void
4.3
Object sizes and the sizeof operator
4.4
Signed integers
4.5
Unsigned integers, and why to avoid them
4.6
Fixed-width integers and size_t
4.7
Introduction to scientific notation
4.8
Floating point numbers
4.9
Boolean values
4.10
Introduction to if statements
4.11
Chars
4.12
Introduction to type conversion and static_cast
4.x
Chapter 4 summary and quiz

Chapter 5
Constants and Strings
5.1
Constant variables (named constants)
5.2
Literals
Moved
5.3
Numeral systems (decimal, binary, hexadecimal, and octal)
Moved
5.4
Constant expressions and compile-time optimization
Moved
5.5
Constexpr variables
Split
5.6
The conditional operator
Split
5.7
Inline functions and variables
Updated
5.8
Constexpr and consteval functions
Updated
5.9
Introduction to std::string
5.10
Introduction to std::string_view
5.11
std::string_view (part 2)
5.x
Chapter 5 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 6
Operators
6.1
Operator precedence and associativity
6.2
Arithmetic operators
6.3
Remainder and Exponentiation
6.4
Increment/decrement operators, and side effects
6.5
The comma operator
6.6
Relational operators and floating point comparisons
6.7
Logical operators
6.x
Chapter 6 summary and quiz
Chapter O
Bit Manipulation (optional chapter)
O.1
Bit flags and bit manipulation via std::bitset
O.2
Bitwise operators
O.3
Bit manipulation with bitwise operators and bit masks
O.4
Converting integers between binary and decimal representation
Chapter 7
Scope, Duration, and Linkage
7.1
Compound statements (blocks)
7.2
User-defined namespaces and the scope resolution operator
7.3
Local variables
7.4
Introduction to global variables
7.5
Variable shadowing (name hiding)
7.6
Internal linkage
7.7
External linkage and variable forward declarations
7.8
Why (non-const) global variables are evil
7.9
Sharing global constants across multiple files (using inline variables)
7.10
Static local variables
7.11
Scope, duration, and linkage summary
7.12
Using declarations and using directives
7.13
Unnamed and inline namespaces
7.x
Chapter 7 summary and quiz

Chapter 8
Control Flow
8.1
Control flow introduction
8.2
If statements and blocks
8.3
Common if statement problems
8.4
Constexpr if statements
8.5
Switch statement basics
8.6
Switch fallthrough and scoping
8.7
Goto statements
8.8
Introduction to loops and while statements
8.9
Do while statements
8.10
For statements
8.11
Break and continue
8.12
Halts (exiting your program early)
8.13
Introduction to random number generation
Moved
8.14
Generating random numbers using Mersenne Twister
Moved
8.15
Global random numbers (Random.h)
Split
8.x
Chapter 8 summary and quiz
Chapter 9
Error Detection and Handling
9.1
Introduction to testing your code
9.2
Code coverage
9.3
Common semantic errors in C++
9.4
Detecting and handling errors
9.5
std::cin and handling invalid input
9.6
Assert and static_assert
9.x
Chapter 9 summary and quiz
Chapter 10
Type Conversion, Type Aliases, and Type Deduction
10.1
Implicit type conversion
10.2
Floating-point and integral promotion
10.3
Numeric conversions
10.4
Narrowing conversions, list initialization, and constexpr initializers
10.5
Arithmetic conversions
10.6
Explicit type conversion (casting) and static_cast
10.7
Typedefs and type aliases
10.8
Type deduction for objects using the auto keyword
10.9
Type deduction for functions
10.x
Chapter 10 summary and quiz
Chapter 11
Function Overloading and Function Templates
11.1
Introduction to function overloading
11.2
Function overload differentiation
11.3
Function overload resolution and ambiguous matches
11.4
Deleting functions
New
11.5
Default arguments
11.6
Function templates
11.7
Function template instantiation
11.8
Function templates with multiple template types
11.9
Non-type template parameters
11.x
Chapter 11 summary and quiz

Chapter 12
Compound Types: References and Pointers
12.1
Introduction to compound data types
12.2
Value categories (lvalues and rvalues)
12.3
Lvalue references
12.4
Lvalue references to const
12.5
Pass by lvalue reference
12.6
Pass by const lvalue reference
12.7
Introduction to pointers
12.8
Null pointers
12.9
Pointers and const
12.10
Pass by address
12.11
Pass by address (part 2)
12.12
Return by reference and return by address
12.13
In and out parameters
12.14
Type deduction with pointers, references, and const
12.x
Chapter 12 summary and quiz
Chapter 13
Compound Types: Enums and Structs
13.1
Introduction to program-defined (user-defined) types
13.2
Unscoped enumerations
13.3
Unscoped enumeration input and output
13.4
Scoped enumerations (enum classes)
13.5
Introduction to structs, members, and member selection
13.6
Struct aggregate initialization
13.7
Default member initialization
13.8
Passing and returning structs
13.9
Struct miscellany
13.10
Member selection with pointers and references
13.11
Class templates
13.12
Class template argument deduction (CTAD) and deduction guides
13.13
Alias templates
13.x
Chapter 13 summary and quiz
13.y
Using a language reference
Chapter 14
Introduction to Classes
14.1
Introduction to object-oriented programming
Updated
14.2
Introduction to classes
Updated
14.3
Member functions
Updated
14.4
Const class objects and const member functions
Moved
14.5
Public and private members and access specifiers
Updated
14.6
Access functions
Updated
14.7
Member functions returning references to data members
Split
14.8
The benefits of data hiding (encapsulation)
Updated
14.9
Introduction to constructors
Updated
14.10
Constructor member initializer lists
Updated
14.11
Default constructors and default arguments
Updated
14.12
Delegating constructors
Updated
14.13
Temporary class objects
Updated
14.14
Introduction to the copy constructor
Updated
14.15
Class initialization and copy elision
Updated
14.16
Converting constructors and the explicit keyword
Updated
14.x
Chapter 14 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 15
More on Classes
15.1
The hidden “this” pointer and member function chaining
Updated
15.2
Classes and header files
Updated
15.3
Nested types (member types)
Updated
15.4
Introduction to destructors
Updated
15.5
Class templates with member functions
Updated
15.6
Static member variables
Updated
15.7
Static member functions
Updated
15.8
Friend non-member functions
Updated
15.9
Friend classes and friend member functions
Updated
15.10
Ref qualifiers
Split
15.x
Chapter 15 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 16
Dynamic arrays: std::vector
16.1
Introduction to containers and arrays
New
16.2
Introduction to std::vector and list constructors
Updated
16.3
std::vector and the unsigned length and subscript problem
New
16.4
Passing std::vector
New
16.5
Returning std::vector, and an introduction to move semantics
Split
16.6
Arrays and loops
Updated
16.7
Arrays, loops, and sign challenge solutions
New
16.8
Range-based for loops (for-each)
Updated
16.9
Array indexing and length using enumerators
Updated
16.10
std::vector resizing and capacity
Updated
16.11
std::vector and stack behavior
Updated
16.12
std::vector<bool>
New
16.x
Chapter 16 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 17
Fixed-size arrays: std::array and C-style arrays
17.1
Introduction to std::array
Updated
17.2
std::array length and indexing
New
17.3
Passing and returning std::array
New
17.4
std::array of class types, and brace elision
Updated
17.5
Arrays of references via std::reference_wrapper
New
17.6
std::array and enumerations
New
17.7
Introduction to C-style arrays
Updated
17.8
C-style array decay
Updated
17.9
Pointer arithmetic and subscripting
Updated
17.10
C-style strings
Updated
17.11
C-style string symbolic constants
Updated
17.12
Multidimensional C-style Arrays
Updated
17.13
Multidimensional std::array
New
17.x
Chapter 17 summary and quiz
Updated
Chapter 18
Iterators and Algorithms (under construction)
18.1
Sorting an array using selection sort
18.2
Introduction to iterators
18.3
Introduction to standard library algorithms
18.4
Timing your code
Chapter 19
Dynamic Allocation (under construction)
19.1
Dynamic memory allocation with new and delete
19.2
Dynamically allocating arrays
19.3
Destructors
19.4
Pointers to pointers and dynamic multidimensional arrays
19.5
Void pointers
Chapter 20
Functions
20.1
Function Pointers
20.2
The stack and the heap
20.3
Recursion
20.4
Command line arguments
20.5
Ellipsis (and why to avoid them)
20.6
Introduction to lambdas (anonymous functions)
20.7
Lambda captures
20.x
Chapter 20 summary and quiz
Chapter 21
Operator Overloading
21.1
Introduction to operator overloading
21.2
Overloading the arithmetic operators using friend functions
21.3
Overloading operators using normal functions
21.4
Overloading the I/O operators
21.5
Overloading operators using member functions
21.6
Overloading unary operators +, -, and !
21.7
Overloading the comparison operators
21.8
Overloading the increment and decrement operators
21.9
Overloading the subscript operator
21.10
Overloading the parenthesis operator
21.11
Overloading typecasts
21.12
Overloading the assignment operator
21.13
Shallow vs. deep copying
21.14
Overloading operators and function templates
21.x
Chapter 21 summary and quiz
21.y
Chapter 21 project
Chapter 22
Move Semantics and Smart Pointers
22.1
Introduction to smart pointers and move semantics
22.2
R-value references
22.3
Move constructors and move assignment
22.4
std::move
22.5
std::unique_ptr
22.6
std::shared_ptr
22.7
Circular dependency issues with std::shared_ptr, and std::weak_ptr
22.x
Chapter 22 summary and quiz
Chapter 23
Object Relationships
23.1
Object relationships
23.2
Composition
23.3
Aggregation
23.4
Association
23.5
Dependencies
23.6
Container classes
23.7
std::initializer_list
23.x
Chapter 23 summary and quiz
Chapter 24
Inheritance
24.1
Introduction to inheritance
24.2
Basic inheritance in C++
24.3
Order of construction of derived classes
24.4
Constructors and initialization of derived classes
24.5
Inheritance and access specifiers
24.6
Adding new functionality to a derived class
24.7
Calling inherited functions and overriding behavior
24.8
Hiding inherited functionality
24.9
Multiple inheritance
24.x
Chapter 24 summary and quiz
Chapter 25
Virtual Functions
25.1
Pointers and references to the base class of derived objects
25.2
Virtual functions and polymorphism
25.3
The override and final specifiers, and covariant return types
25.4
Virtual destructors, virtual assignment, and overriding virtualization
25.5
Early binding and late binding
25.6
The virtual table
25.7
Pure virtual functions, abstract base classes, and interface classes
25.8
Virtual base classes
25.9
Object slicing
25.10
Dynamic casting
25.11
Printing inherited classes using operator<<
25.x
Chapter 25 summary and quiz
Chapter 26
Templates and Classes
26.1
Template classes
26.2
Template non-type parameters
26.3
Function template specialization
26.4
Class template specialization
26.5
Partial template specialization
26.6
Partial template specialization for pointers
26.x
Chapter 26 summary and quiz
Chapter 27
Exceptions
27.1
The need for exceptions
27.2
Basic exception handling
27.3
Exceptions, functions, and stack unwinding
27.4
Uncaught exceptions and catch-all handlers
27.5
Exceptions, classes, and inheritance
27.6
Rethrowing exceptions
27.7
Function try blocks
27.8
Exception dangers and downsides
27.9
Exception specifications and noexcept
27.10
std::move_if_noexcept
Moved
27.x
Chapter 27 summary and quiz
Chapter 28
Input and Output (I/O)
28.1
Input and output (I/O) streams
28.2
Input with istream
28.3
Output with ostream and ios
28.4
Stream classes for strings
28.5
Stream states and input validation
28.6
Basic file I/O
28.7
Random file I/O
Appendix A
Miscellaneous Subjects
A.1
Static and dynamic libraries
A.2
Using libraries with Visual Studio
A.3
Using libraries with Code::Blocks
A.4
C++ FAQ
Appendix B
C++ Updates
B.1
Introduction to C++11
B.2
Introduction to C++14
B.3
Introduction to C++17
B.4
Introduction to C++20
Appendix C
The End
C.1
The end?
Appendix D
Deprecated Articles (will be removed soon)
21.1
The Standard Library
21.2
STL containers overview
21.3
STL iterators overview
21.4
STL algorithms overview
22.1
std::string and std::wstring
22.2
std::string construction and destruction
22.3
std::string length and capacity
22.4
std::string character access and conversion to C-style arrays
22.5
std::string assignment and swapping
22.6
std::string appending
22.7
std::string inserting

The cherno c++ playlist on youtube is also a good resource on learning c++

 

[Abhorrence]

The cherno c++ playlist on youtube is also a good resource on learning c++

i dont like listening i like reading

 

[DR. NICKGA]

Im pretty good at c++

 

[Deleted member 14693]

I wasted my teens on this and then in the end dropped out of college...

But else i would have probably spend my time playing cs so it's whatever

Why did you drop out of college?

 

[stunna]

Why did you drop out of college?

Lost motivation and afraid of bachelor arbeit

 

[Deleted member 14693]

Lost motivation and afraid of bachelor arbeit

Ok so can you get a job with that?

 

[stunna]

Ok so can you get a job with that?

Most likely not. I have some finished projects but not really anything to show off

 

[AspiringMogger]

This girl is a fogger considering she's in programming, although very irritating to listen to.

She Got proper gold digger pheno. Mirin her filler lips

 

[SlavicGeneral]

i ldared the whole 2023 and failed all my cs classes i want to get an intership fast what should i do
i dont know shit about programming but am good at math

Here's roughly how I'd go about it if I could start again, fuck c++.

Start with C, learning about pointers is essential in my opinion (and C is the only 'popular' language that utilizes manual memory management), not because it is useful but because it will give you deeper understanding and really make you understand how programs work. That gives you a huge edge and advantage over 90% of people in the field.

Here's a good course (first I found, but contents seem good so you should be good).



Next up, you need to decide on the stack you're going to be using when applying for the internship. You need to have this in mind before learning further. The most common combination is some javascript framework/mobile framework + some backend + sql/nosql database. The most commonly used framework these days is React.js and mobile developers are not in need so I would advise going for React.js. You can learn it very easily from this guy and he also builds the most essential type of projects (CRUD oriented apps, this is what you are going to be doing as an intern in 95% of the cases so just enough to get you by).



Next up, you need some sort of backend, this is what manages the server side of the things making the app actually work online with sotred memory. You will most likely need Node.js and Express.js, ASP.NET Core or Springboot. I'd advise choosing either one of these, although Spring and ASP have a little fewer resources than Express+Node but just research some companies in your area to find what they are using. This is the hardest part although it seems like it has the least content since most concepts are very poorly explained and it's not about logic anymore, but about design patterns and shit which pretty much means blueprints for writing code that you have to learn although they may not be intuitive.

Start here for Spring for example than move on to some series building CRUD app (just search making WEB API CRUD in Springboot).


Finally you need to learn some sort of database management (noSql is becoming popular, but Sql will get you a job and is still the most widely used thing, so just learn PostgresSQL or MySQL on youtube). This will be enough:




Now you have all the knowledge you need. Combine it to build some sort of crud application with user login. For example a typical recocomendation is a pokedex or some shit. Just make an app that has multiple databases, that communicate with each other, build an interface in React and connect it to your web api in Spring. This can resemble a web store of some sort. It does not have to include logic.

You will 100% guaranteed land an internship with this and it will take no longer than 2-3 months to learn it all and build a project if you really put the time and effort into it.

BTW: I forgot to mention. Learn JavaScript before react, but it is very similar to C. Eloquent JS is a very good book on javascript you can get for free online legally. It teaches you everything from start to finish. Most guys in the industry have no idea about how scope actually works, what closures are, etc, and this book specifically focuses on those catchy things.

 

[SlavicGeneral]

She Got proper gold digger pheno. Mirin her filler lips

Her husband is some mtn guy, so not a gold digger. And year filler lips look hot af on her. She looks very fuckable indeed.

 

[stunna]

Check out this nigga, i used to watch all of his videos

 

[Abhorrence]

Here's roughly how I'd go about it if I could start again, fuck c++.

Start with C, learning about pointers is essential in my opinion (and C is the only 'popular' language that utilizes manual memory management), not because it is useful but because it will give you deeper understanding and really make you understand how programs work. That gives you a huge edge and advantage over 90% of people in the field.

Here's a good course (first I found, but contents seem good so you should be good).



Next up, you need to decide on the stack you're going to be using when applying for the internship. You need to have this in mind before learning further. The most common combination is some javascript framework/mobile framework + some backend + sql/nosql database. The most commonly used framework these days is React.js and mobile developers are not in need so I would advise going for React.js. You can learn it very easily from this guy and he also builds the most essential type of projects (CRUD oriented apps, this is what you are going to be doing as an intern in 95% of the cases so just enough to get you by).



Next up, you need some sort of backend, this is what manages the server side of the things making the app actually work online with sotred memory. You will most likely need Node.js and Express.js, ASP.NET Core or Springboot. I'd advise choosing either one of these, although Spring and ASP have a little fewer resources than Express+Node but just research some companies in your area to find what they are using. This is the hardest part although it seems like it has the least content since most concepts are very poorly explained and it's not about logic anymore, but about design patterns and shit which pretty much means blueprints for writing code that you have to learn although they may not be intuitive.

Start here for Spring for example than move on to some series building CRUD app (just search making WEB API CRUD in Springboot).


Finally you need to learn some sort of database management (noSql is becoming popular, but Sql will get you a job and is still the most widely used thing, so just learn PostgresSQL or MySQL on youtube). This will be enough:




Now you have all the knowledge you need. Combine it to build some sort of crud application with user login. For example a typical recocomendation is a pokedex or some shit. Just make an app that has multiple databases, that communicate with each other, build an interface in React and connect it to your web api in Spring. This can resemble a web store of some sort. It does not have to include logic.

You will 100% guaranteed land an internship with this and it will take no longer than 2-3 months to learn it all and build a project if you really put the time and effort into it.

ty so much for high effort response
i was lost didnt know what to do
bookmarked

 

[AspiringMogger]

Her husband is some mtn guy, so not a gold digger. And year filler lips look hot af on her. She looks very fuckable indeed.

If her husband is MTN he got Jason Luv tier dick or very wealthy

 

[mike21]

Cope,AI is gonna do a better job

 

[Abhorrence]

Cope,AI is gonna do a better job

Fuck off mike

 

[mike21]

Fuck off mike

Suck my big veiny cock

 

[Deleted member 52298]

Idk which uni you go to, but engineering is so hyped in EE that most smart guys and girls actually end up either in medical or engineering fields. Tbh there's many htn-chadlite guys in engineering here.


This girl is a fogger considering she's in programming, although very irritating to listen to.

im pretty sure that the general looks level of ppl studying in any computation related camp is very low

 

[deadmanwalking]

Being a code monkey is the most degrading and unhealthy thing to do, fuck the jewros you earn from it i’d rather keep my sanity

 

[SlavicGeneral]

im pretty sure that the general looks level of ppl studying in any computation related camp is very low

Fucking wrong jfl. Every chad in EE is in CS these days, don't debate me on it, it's seen as the cool career right now. Maybe in west it is not loke that, but here it definitely is.