List of Italian inventions

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Invention/Discovery	Inventor/Key Figure	Year	Description
Codex (Early Book Format)	Roman innovators (widespread by Italians)	~1st century AD	The precursor to modern books, consisting of bound pages; revolutionized writing and knowledge dissemination in Western civilization.
Concrete	Roman engineers (e.g., Vitruvius)	~3rd century BC	A durable building material using volcanic ash; enabled massive structures like the Pantheon and Colosseum, influencing architecture worldwide.
Newspaper	Venetian printers (e.g., Gazette di Venezia)	1536	The first regular printed periodical; laid the foundation for modern journalism and news dissemination.
Eyeglasses	Salvino D'Armate (or monastery monks in Pisa)	~1286	The first wearable optical lenses; transformed vision correction and enabled advancements in science and reading.
Modern Musical Notation	Guido d'Arezzo	~1028	The staff-based system with solfege syllables (do-re-mi); standardized music composition and performance globally.
Double-Entry Bookkeeping	Luca Pacioli	1494	A foundational accounting method; essential for modern finance, banking, and business tracking.
Thermometer	Santorio Santorio	1612	The first clinical instrument for measuring temperature; advanced medicine and scientific measurement.
Barometer	Evangelista Torricelli	1643	Device to measure atmospheric pressure; revolutionized meteorology and weather prediction.
Piano (Pianoforte)	Bartolomeo Cristofori	1698	The first keyboard instrument with dynamic volume control; shaped classical and modern music.
Carbon Paper	Pellegrino Turri	1806	For duplicating writing; precursor to modern photocopying and carbonless copy technology.
Battery (Voltaic Pile)	Alessandro Volta	1800	The first source of continuous electric current; powered the electrical revolution and gave us the "volt" unit.
Telephone	Antonio Meucci	1871	Early voice transmission device; predated Bell's patent and influenced global telecommunications.
Radio	Guglielmo Marconi	1895	Wireless telegraphy and transatlantic signaling; earned a Nobel Prize and transformed communication.
Espresso Machine	Angelo Moriondo	1884	Steam-powered coffee brewer; popularized quick, pressurized coffee and birthed the espresso culture.
Gelato	Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli	~1686	Modern frozen dessert with creamy texture; evolved from ancient ices and became a global treat.
Jacuzzi (Whirlpool Bath)	Candido Jacuzzi	1956	Hydrotherapy pump for pain relief; commercialized as the iconic hot tub for relaxation.
Microchip	Federico Faggin	1971	The Intel 4004, first commercial microprocessor; ignited the personal computing and digital age.
Hydrofoil Boat	Enrico Forlanini	1905	Vessel that lifts on foils for high-speed travel; advanced marine engineering and water transport.