givemeclavicles
Iron
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Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, has complex effects on androgens, often acting as a competitive inhibitor of enzymes that break down testosterone (like HSD and aromatase), which can lead to higher testosterone levels, especially at moderate smoking levels
Key Effects on Hormones:
Higher Testosterone (Moderate Smoking): By slowing the breakdown of testosterone and its conversion to estrogen, cotinine can temporarily raise testosterone levels, especially in men.
Altered Estrogen Levels: Cotinine and nicotine interfere with aromatase, reducing estrogen production and potentially contributing to estrogen deficiency in smokers. This is the reason
Study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17163954/
Key Effects on Hormones:
Higher Testosterone (Moderate Smoking): By slowing the breakdown of testosterone and its conversion to estrogen, cotinine can temporarily raise testosterone levels, especially in men.
Altered Estrogen Levels: Cotinine and nicotine interfere with aromatase, reducing estrogen production and potentially contributing to estrogen deficiency in smokers. This is the reason
Study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17163954/