Kingkellz
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Introduction/Abstract:
(For those who don't want to read everything, just read the 'claim/hypothesis' part then skip to the 'conclusion' part and read everything below that.)
Main Claim & Hypothesis:
Both males and females generally have eye and mouth regions that are 'darker' than the surrounding face but the relative luminance difference is greater in female faces than in male faces.
Increasing the luminance difference between the eyes, mouth, and the rest of face should make female faces more feminine and hence MORE attractive.
Decreasing the luminance difference between the eyes, mouth, and the rest of the face should make male faces more masculine and hence MORE attractive.
In order to see if this was true, 4 experiments were conducted
It has been suggested that the consistent luminance difference between the darker
regions of the eyes and mouth and the lighter regions that surround them forms a pattern unique
to faces. The hypothesis that the size of the luminance difference between the eyes and mouth and the rest of the face affects the attractiveness of male and female faces differently. Female faces were
found to be more attractive when this luminance difference was increased than when it was decreased, and the opposite was found for male faces. The luminance difference between the eyes and mouth and the rest of the face is naturally greater in women than men. In this case increasing or decreasing the luminance
difference will make a face more feminine or masculine, respectively, and hence, more or less
attractive depending on the sex of the face.
Cosmetic use and effects on relative luminance difference:
Cosmetic use that changes the luminance
or coloration of the face is far less common among men than women, historically as
well as in the present. One of the more consistent uses of cosmetics to make the female face more attractive
is to darken the eyes and mouth relative to the surrounding skin. It is a reasonable supposition that
primarily women use cosmetics to accentuate the face pattern because only they are
made more attractive by this transformation. This suggests that the relationship
between attractiveness and the luminance difference between the eyes and mouth and
the rest of the face (the amplitude of the face pattern) differs by sex, rather than being
common to all faces.
regions of the eyes and mouth and the lighter regions that surround them forms a pattern unique
to faces. The hypothesis that the size of the luminance difference between the eyes and mouth and the rest of the face affects the attractiveness of male and female faces differently. Female faces were
found to be more attractive when this luminance difference was increased than when it was decreased, and the opposite was found for male faces. The luminance difference between the eyes and mouth and the rest of the face is naturally greater in women than men. In this case increasing or decreasing the luminance
difference will make a face more feminine or masculine, respectively, and hence, more or less
attractive depending on the sex of the face.
Cosmetic use and effects on relative luminance difference:
Cosmetic use that changes the luminance
or coloration of the face is far less common among men than women, historically as
well as in the present. One of the more consistent uses of cosmetics to make the female face more attractive
is to darken the eyes and mouth relative to the surrounding skin. It is a reasonable supposition that
primarily women use cosmetics to accentuate the face pattern because only they are
made more attractive by this transformation. This suggests that the relationship
between attractiveness and the luminance difference between the eyes and mouth and
the rest of the face (the amplitude of the face pattern) differs by sex, rather than being
common to all faces.
Main Claim & Hypothesis:
Both males and females generally have eye and mouth regions that are 'darker' than the surrounding face but the relative luminance difference is greater in female faces than in male faces.
Increasing the luminance difference between the eyes, mouth, and the rest of face should make female faces more feminine and hence MORE attractive.
Decreasing the luminance difference between the eyes, mouth, and the rest of the face should make male faces more masculine and hence MORE attractive.
In order to see if this was true, 4 experiments were conductedExperiment #1:
In the first experiment, versions of each face
were made in which the eyes and mouths of the faces were darkened, lightened, or left unchanged, while the rest of the face was untouched.
Figure 1. From left to right are examples of luminance-difference decreased, unchanged, and
luminance-difference increased versions of female (top) and male (bottom) faces from experiment 1.
Figure 2. Results from experiment 1. Ratings for male and female faces are plotted for the three
conditions. Higher numbers indicate higher ratings. Error bars are Æ1 SE.
Results: Pairwise comparisons of the female faces found that the faces in the difference-increased and unchanged
conditions elicited significantly more attractive ratings than the faces in the difference-
decreased condition. The faces in the difference-increased condition were rated more
attractive than those in the unchanged condition.
The male faces showed the exact opposite configuration
of results, with the faces in the difference-decreased and unchanged conditions being
rated significantly more attractive than the faces in the difference-increased condition.
Though the male faces were rated more attractive in the difference-decreased condition than the unchanged condition.
The results show a clear interaction between the size of the luminance difference
and the sex of the face being rated. Specifically, female faces were rated more
attractive when the difference between the eyes and mouth was increased than when
it was decreased, while for male faces the opposite was the case.
were made in which the eyes and mouths of the faces were darkened, lightened, or left unchanged, while the rest of the face was untouched.
Figure 1. From left to right are examples of luminance-difference decreased, unchanged, and
luminance-difference increased versions of female (top) and male (bottom) faces from experiment 1.
Figure 2. Results from experiment 1. Ratings for male and female faces are plotted for the three
conditions. Higher numbers indicate higher ratings. Error bars are Æ1 SE.
Results: Pairwise comparisons of the female faces found that the faces in the difference-increased and unchanged
conditions elicited significantly more attractive ratings than the faces in the difference-
decreased condition. The faces in the difference-increased condition were rated more
attractive than those in the unchanged condition.
The male faces showed the exact opposite configuration
of results, with the faces in the difference-decreased and unchanged conditions being
rated significantly more attractive than the faces in the difference-increased condition.
Though the male faces were rated more attractive in the difference-decreased condition than the unchanged condition.
The results show a clear interaction between the size of the luminance difference
and the sex of the face being rated. Specifically, female faces were rated more
attractive when the difference between the eyes and mouth was increased than when
it was decreased, while for male faces the opposite was the case.
Experiment #2:
In the second experiment,
versions of each face were made in which the eyes and mouths of the faces were left
untouched, while the rest of the face was darkened, lightened, or left unchanged.
Because the eyes and mouth were held constant, luminance difference
was increased when the rest of the face was lightened, and luminance difference was
decreased when the rest of the face was darkened.
Figure 3. From left to right are examples of luminance-difference decreased, unchanged, and
luminance-difference increased versions of female (top) and male (bottom) faces from experiment 2.
Figure 4. Results from experiment 2. Ratings for male and female faces are plotted for the three
conditions. Higher numbers indicate higher ratings. Error bars are Æ1 SE.
Results: Pairwise comparisons of the female faces found no significant differences between any of the
conditions. However, for the male faces, significant differences were found between all
three of the conditions, with the difference-decreased faces more attractive than the
unchanged faces, which were in turn more attractive than the difference-increased
faces.
The results for male faces in experiment 2 were
consistent with the notion that male faces are more attractive when the luminance
difference between the eyes and mouth and the rest of the face is decreased, and less
attractive when it is increased.
versions of each face were made in which the eyes and mouths of the faces were left
untouched, while the rest of the face was darkened, lightened, or left unchanged.
Because the eyes and mouth were held constant, luminance difference
was increased when the rest of the face was lightened, and luminance difference was
decreased when the rest of the face was darkened.
Figure 3. From left to right are examples of luminance-difference decreased, unchanged, and
luminance-difference increased versions of female (top) and male (bottom) faces from experiment 2.
Figure 4. Results from experiment 2. Ratings for male and female faces are plotted for the three
conditions. Higher numbers indicate higher ratings. Error bars are Æ1 SE.
Results: Pairwise comparisons of the female faces found no significant differences between any of the
conditions. However, for the male faces, significant differences were found between all
three of the conditions, with the difference-decreased faces more attractive than the
unchanged faces, which were in turn more attractive than the difference-increased
faces.
The results for male faces in experiment 2 were
consistent with the notion that male faces are more attractive when the luminance
difference between the eyes and mouth and the rest of the face is decreased, and less
attractive when it is increased.
Experiment #3:
The third experiment, unlike the other three, used images of the faces that included
the entire head and neck. The images were the same as those used in experiment 1,
except that more of the head was visible. This experiment was performed to assess
whether the results of the first two experiments would be the same when the external
features of the face were visible.
Figure 5. From left to right are examples of luminance-difference decreased, unchanged, and
luminance-difference increased versions of female (top) and male (bottom) faces from experiment 3.
Figure 6. Results from experiment 3. Ratings for male and female faces are plotted for the three
conditions. Higher numbers indicate higher ratings. Error bars are +/-1 SE.
Results: Pairwise comparisons of
the female faces found the unchanged faces to be significantly more attractive than the
difference-decreased faces. Pairwise comparisons of the male faces showed the faces in the difference-decreased and unchanged conditions to be rated significantly more attractive than the faces in the difference-increased condition.
the entire head and neck. The images were the same as those used in experiment 1,
except that more of the head was visible. This experiment was performed to assess
whether the results of the first two experiments would be the same when the external
features of the face were visible.
Figure 5. From left to right are examples of luminance-difference decreased, unchanged, and
luminance-difference increased versions of female (top) and male (bottom) faces from experiment 3.
Figure 6. Results from experiment 3. Ratings for male and female faces are plotted for the three
conditions. Higher numbers indicate higher ratings. Error bars are +/-1 SE.
Results: Pairwise comparisons of
the female faces found the unchanged faces to be significantly more attractive than the
difference-decreased faces. Pairwise comparisons of the male faces showed the faces in the difference-decreased and unchanged conditions to be rated significantly more attractive than the faces in the difference-increased condition.
Experiment #4:
In the fourth experiment,
there were also three versions of each face, though the entire image was darkened or
lightened, with no portion being left untouched. This experiment did not change the relative luminance
difference between the eyes and mouth and the rest of the face.
Figure 7. From left to right are examples of darkened, unchanged, and brightened versions of female (top) and male (bottom) faces from experiment 4.
Figure 8. Results from experiment 4. Ratings for male and female faces plotted for the three
overall luminance conditions. Higher numbers indicate higher ratings. Error bars are +/-1 SE.
Results: Critically, unlike
the other three experiments in which the luminance difference between the eyes and
mouth and the rest of the face was manipulated, there was no interaction between condition and sex of face in experiment 4.
Changing the luminance of only the eyes and mouth (experiments
1 and 3) or only the rest of the face (experiment 2) affected the attractiveness of male
and female faces differently. However, changing the luminance value of the entire image
(experiment 4) did not affect the attractiveness of male and female faces differently.
there were also three versions of each face, though the entire image was darkened or
lightened, with no portion being left untouched. This experiment did not change the relative luminance
difference between the eyes and mouth and the rest of the face.
Figure 7. From left to right are examples of darkened, unchanged, and brightened versions of female (top) and male (bottom) faces from experiment 4.
Figure 8. Results from experiment 4. Ratings for male and female faces plotted for the three
overall luminance conditions. Higher numbers indicate higher ratings. Error bars are +/-1 SE.
Results: Critically, unlike
the other three experiments in which the luminance difference between the eyes and
mouth and the rest of the face was manipulated, there was no interaction between condition and sex of face in experiment 4.
Changing the luminance of only the eyes and mouth (experiments
1 and 3) or only the rest of the face (experiment 2) affected the attractiveness of male
and female faces differently. However, changing the luminance value of the entire image
(experiment 4) did not affect the attractiveness of male and female faces differently.
Conclusion:
The assertion that the present study does support is that
the size of the luminance difference between the eyes and mouth and the rest of the
face affects the attractiveness of male and female faces differently.
Increasing the luminance difference of a female face will make the face more feminine, and hence more attractive.
Decreasing the luminance difference of a male face will make the face more masculine, and hence more attractive.
Even without cosmetics the luminance difference between the eyes and the mouth and the rest of the face is greater in women than men, because the rest of the face is lighter in women than in men. The lighter skin of females is ultimately a result of their greater need for UV light to synthesize previtamin D3 to support the greater calcium needs of pregnancy.
As you can see, the more feminine the face gets the luminance difference increases(mainly because of lighter skin) and the more masculine the face gets the luminance difference decreases(mainly due to 'darker' skin). Secondary factors like facial hair, eyebrows, and vermilion exposure also played a role in increasing or decreasing the facial luminance difference.
THE BIG QUESTION:
What can we as men do to decrease the luminance difference between our eyes, mouth, and the rest of the face to become more masculine and attractive?
Option 1: Grow out facial hairThe assertion that the present study does support is that
the size of the luminance difference between the eyes and mouth and the rest of the
face affects the attractiveness of male and female faces differently.
Increasing the luminance difference of a female face will make the face more feminine, and hence more attractive.
Decreasing the luminance difference of a male face will make the face more masculine, and hence more attractive.
Even without cosmetics the luminance difference between the eyes and the mouth and the rest of the face is greater in women than men, because the rest of the face is lighter in women than in men. The lighter skin of females is ultimately a result of their greater need for UV light to synthesize previtamin D3 to support the greater calcium needs of pregnancy.
As you can see, the more feminine the face gets the luminance difference increases(mainly because of lighter skin) and the more masculine the face gets the luminance difference decreases(mainly due to 'darker' skin). Secondary factors like facial hair, eyebrows, and vermilion exposure also played a role in increasing or decreasing the facial luminance difference.
THE BIG QUESTION:
What can we as men do to decrease the luminance difference between our eyes, mouth, and the rest of the face to become more masculine and attractive?
A bonus addition to this option could be to darken and thicken your eyebrows via dyes + eyebrow transplants. Thicker, darker eyebrows reduce the luminance difference between the eyes and the rest of the face.
*Option 2: Tan
The reason I put an asterisk by this option is because this may not apply to everyone, especially those with already dark skin. But this can help those that have a vampire-like pale and unhealthy skin.
Examples of how women use make-up to increase the luminance difference between the eyes, mouth, and the rest of the face to look more attractive:
Just the eyes:
(mainly with the use of eyelashes, eyeliner, and mascara)
Just the mouth:
(mainly with the use of lipstick and lip gloss)
Both eyes & mouth:
(eyelashes, eyeliner/mascara for eyes and lipstick/lip gloss for mouth)
Notice how they have increased the luminance difference between the eyes, mouth, and the rest of the face by making their eyes and mouth 'darker' and thus making them more attractive.
(mainly with the use of eyelashes, eyeliner, and mascara)
Just the mouth:
(mainly with the use of lipstick and lip gloss)
Both eyes & mouth:
(eyelashes, eyeliner/mascara for eyes and lipstick/lip gloss for mouth)
Notice how they have increased the luminance difference between the eyes, mouth, and the rest of the face by making their eyes and mouth 'darker' and thus making them more attractive.
Examples of how men can reduce the luminance difference between the eyes, mouth, and the rest of the face to look more attractive:
'Darken' skin:
(self-tanners, beta-carotene supps, MT2, tanning beds)
Just the eyes:
(thickening + darkening eyebrows)
*the key difference between men and women in this aspect is that women thin the brows and enhance the eyelashes + eyeliner/mascara while men thicken/darken eyebrows and avoid the use of eyeliner/mascara.
Just the mouth:
(growing out facial hair or get a beard transplant if you can't)
All of the above:
(skin 'darker' (tanner), hair + eyebrows darker, facial hair grown out)
These are ways men can reduce their luminance difference by 'darkening' their skin + hair to look more attractive.
Yes I know weight loss and other factors as well helped create such a drastic outcome but finding pics for men was much harder than for women but I tried.
(self-tanners, beta-carotene supps, MT2, tanning beds)
Just the eyes:
(thickening + darkening eyebrows)
*the key difference between men and women in this aspect is that women thin the brows and enhance the eyelashes + eyeliner/mascara while men thicken/darken eyebrows and avoid the use of eyeliner/mascara.
Just the mouth:
(growing out facial hair or get a beard transplant if you can't)
All of the above:
(skin 'darker' (tanner), hair + eyebrows darker, facial hair grown out)
These are ways men can reduce their luminance difference by 'darkening' their skin + hair to look more attractive.
Yes I know weight loss and other factors as well helped create such a drastic outcome but finding pics for men was much harder than for women but I tried.
@john2 @Chintuck22 @the next o'pry @TRNA @SubhumanCurrycel @Grimba @Ocelot @tyronelite @far336
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