Which name out of these three mogs? Dorian, Humberto or Lorenzo?

Which name out of these three mogs?

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@slop slinger

Jovan Humberto Andrade mogs
 
jovan humberto andrade aka bbctakeover aka supportlocalsluts aka jankinoff
 
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lorenzo-chadlite
dorian-htn
humberto-high tier ltn
 
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slop slinger said:
lorenzo-chadlite
dorian-htn
humberto-high tier ltn
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looksmax.org

AI draws people based on their names (BRUTAL RACEPILL) (WHO MOGS)

I asked AI to draw people based on their names. Here's what AI thinks they'd look like: Franklin Dorian Seymour Omar Humberto Deshawn Ian
looksmax.org looksmax.org
1693618429218
 
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humberto has xangs pheno
 
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StrangerDanger said:
humberto mogs
dying to a hurricane with incel name is ironic therefore it mogs
Click to expand...
NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTERTROPICAL CYCLONE REPORTHURRICANE HUMBERTO(AL092019)13–19 September 2019Stacy R. StewartNational Hurricane Center19 February 2020LAST BERMUDA RADAR REFLECTIVITY IMAGE AT 2249 UTC 18 SEPTEMBER 2019 WHEN HUMBERTO WAS MAKING ITSCLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH TO BERMUDA AS A MAJOR HURRICANE, JUST PRIOR TO A COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE.Humberto was a category 3 hurricane (on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale)that skirted the extreme eastern portions of the Bahamas before raking Bermuda withsustained hurricane-force winds for several hours that caused significant island-widedamage. The hurricane also produced large ocean swells and rip currents along thesoutheastern coast of the United States that resulted in two fatalities.Hurricane Humberto 2Hurricane Humberto13–19 SEPTEMBER 2019SYNOPTIC HISTORY A weak tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on 27 August, accompanied bylittle convection. The disturbance continued on a westward track across the deep tropical Atlanticfor the next several days before it began to interact with a mid- to upper-level trough a few hundredn mi east of the Lesser Antilles on 4 September. The westward motion of the northern portion ofthe wave was impeded by the southwesterly flow on the east side of the trough, which causedthe wave to fracture. By 6 September, the northern portion of the wave turned slowly toward thenorth-northwest while the southern portion of the wave continued to move quickly westwardtoward the southern Windward Islands.Little change to the northern wave’s structure occurred over the next few days whileassociated shower activity was minimal as the wave and the upper-level trough moved in tandemtoward the northwest. By 10 September, the disturbance was located just north of Hispaniola nearthe Turks and Caicos, moving slowly northwestward and parallel to the easternmost Bahamasarchipelago. Over the next 72 h, anticyclonic flow on the east side of the now negatively tiltedupper-level trough steadily increased, which aided in slow but steady development andorganization of deep convection along and east of the wave axis. The associated thunderstormactivity pulsed during this time, with a distinct increase in convection noted during the nighttimeperiod, followed by weakening during the daylight hours. Convection persisted despite its pulsingnature, with scatterometer wind data indicating that a broad surface low pressure system hadformed near the southeastern Bahamas by 1200 UTC 12 September. By early on 13 September,thunderstorms had organized into a narrow curved band in the northeastern quadrant of thesystem, and nearby ship and surface observations from the Bahamas indicated that the low-levelcirculation center (LLCC) had also become better-defined. Based on these data, it is estimatedthat a tropical depression formed by 1800 UTC that day about 75 n mi east of the centralBahamian island of Eleuthera. The cyclone strengthened into a tropical storm just 6 h later. The“best track” chart of the tropical cyclone’s path is given in Fig. 1, with the wind and pressurehistories shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The best track positions and intensities are listedin Table 11.Tropical Storm Humberto turned northwestward early on 14 September and maintainedthat motion for the next 48 h, accompanied by a slow forward speed of 3–7 kt due to the cyclonemoving through a narrow break in the Bermuda-Azores ridge. Despite moderate southwesterly towesterly 850–500-mb vertical wind shear (Fig. 4), slow-moving Humberto steadily strengthenedduring that time, attaining hurricane status by 0000 UTC 16 September when the cyclone briefly1 A digital record of the complete best track, including wind radii, can be found on line atftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf. Data for the current year’s storms are located in the btk directory, while previousyears’ data are located in the archive directory.Hurricane Humberto 3stalled about 150 n mi east-northeast of Cape Canaveral, Florida. The broad deep-layer troughlocated to the northwest of Humberto nudged the tropical cyclone east-northeastward at forwardspeeds of less than 10 kt for the next 48 h. During this time, the hurricane continued to steadilystrengthen despite strong vertical wind shear of near 30 kt and sharply decreasing mid-levelhumidity values (Fig. 4), with Humberto reaching major hurricane status by 0000 UTC 18September. Thereafter, only slight strengthening occurred through 0000 UTC 19 September whenHumberto passed about 55 n mi northwest of Bermuda with maximum sustained winds of 110 kt.Later that morning after passing to the north of Bermuda, Humberto began acceleratingnortheastward ahead of a broad trough and its associated cold front, with forward speedsincreasing from 15 kt to near 25 kt throughout the day. During this time, the hurricane also begana steady weakening trend due to increasing south-southwesterly vertical wind shear exceeding50 kt and entrainment of very dry mid-level air, despite the otherwise favorable sea-surfacetemperatures in excess of 27°C (Fig. 4).By early on 20 September, the hurricane finally succumbed to the strong vertical shearconditions and became devoid of any deep convection, causing Humberto to become anextratropical cyclone when it was located about 500 n mi south-southwest of Cape Race,Newfoundland. However, the expansive extratropical low continued to produce hurricane- andgale-force winds over a large area until the system merged with a larger extratropical low andfrontal system by 1800 UTC that day more than 300 n mi south-southwest of Cape Race.METEOROLOGICAL STATISTICS Observations in Humberto (Figs. 2 and 3) include subjective satellite-based Dvoraktechnique intensity estimates from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) and theSatellite Analysis Branch (SAB), objective Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT) estimates andSatellite Consensus (SATCON) estimates from the Cooperative Institute for MeteorologicalSatellite Studies/University of Wisconsin-Madison. Observations also include flight-level, steppedfrequency microwave radiometer (SFMR), and dropwindsonde observations from 10 flights by the53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of the U.S. Air Force Reserve Command and 4 flightsby the NOAA Aircraft Operations Center (AOC), including 3 Tail Doppler Radar (TDR) missions,which resulted in a total of 27 center fixes and 7 center fixes, respectively. Data and imagery fromNOAA polar-orbiting satellites including the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), theNASA Global Precipitation Mission (GPM), the European Space Agency’s AdvancedScatterometer (ASCAT), and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, amongothers, were also useful in constructing the best track of Humberto.Selected ship and buoy reports of tropical-storm-force winds, plus other pertinent marineobservations, associated with Humberto are given in Table 2. Selected land-based surfaceobservations are given in Table 3.Hurricane Humberto 4Winds and Pressure Humberto’s estimated maximum intensity of 110 kt between 1800 UTC 18 September and0300 UTC 19 September is based on an average of a reconnaissance aircraft 700-mb flight-levelwind of 121 kt (which equates to an equivalent surface wind speed of 109 kt), SFMR surface windspeeds of 110–113 kt (Fig. 5), dropwindsonde WL150- and MBL-surface equivalent wind speedestimates of 105 and 103 kt, respectively, and UW-CIMSS SATCON satellite intensity estimatesof 112–116 kt. The reconnaissance and dropwindsonde data were collected within a narrow bandof convection in the southern eyewall where SFMR rain rate estimates were 11–15 mm/h (0.43–0.59 in/h). The highest wind speed measured by a dropwindsonde during Humberto’s lifetimewas 138 kt at the 890-mb level at 0249 UTC 19 September (Fig. 6a). This dropwindsonde wasreleased and remained in Humberto’s remnant southern eyewall until the splash time of 0249UTC 19 September (Fig. 6a). The instrument traversed the convection from west to east basedon the positions of the release and splash points being aligned perfectly along a 270-degree (true)direction. Although the sonde measured a surface wind speed of 114 kt, that value is an‘instantaneous’ 2-second sample, which is more representative of a wind gust rather than a 1-minsustained wind.The estimated minimum central pressure of 950 mb from 1800 UTC 18 September to0300 UTC 19 September is based on aircraft dropwindsonde eye reports of pressures of951–952 mb, which were accompanied by surface wind speeds of 10–20 kt. This pressureestimate is consistent with earlier pressure values of 954–955 mb measured by NOAA Buoy40148, located about 240 n mi west of Bermuda, when the center of Hurricane Humberto passedapproximately 6 n mi southeast of the buoy. At 0930 UTC 18 September, a minimum pressurevalue of 954.2 mb was reported, along with a coincident wind speed of 27 kt (4 m ASL), whichindicates that the central pressure at that time was likely around 951 mb (Table 3; Fig. 7).It should be noted that the steady pressure of 950–951 mb from 1800 UTC to 0300 UTC(Fig. 3) suggests that Humberto’s peak tangential winds likely remained steady at around 105 ktbased on various pressure-wind relationship equations. Radar data from Bermuda (Fig. 8)indicate that the eyewall was eroding quickly after 1800 UTC 18 September, and that the peakwinds measured by reconnaissance aircraft and dropwindsonde at 0248 UTC 19 September likelyoccurred in a very narrow eyewall, which is not indicative of an intensifying tropical cyclone,especially one that is approaching category 4 intensity. The additional increase in intensity asmeasured by reconnaissance aircraft was likely due to baroclinic forcing that produced a low-leveljet that may have had some characteristics similar to a “sting jet” that occurs in association withsome deepening extratropical low pressure systems (Browning 2004; Hart et al. 2017).By 1800 UTC 18 September, Humberto had moved into the right-rear entrance region ofan upper-level jet stream wind maximum (Fig. 9, left panel), where an existing transversecirculation (i.e., combined vertical and horizontal circulations; Fig. 9, right panel) was present(Bjerknes 1951). The rapid warming of the air column on the equatorward (southeast) side of thejet stream induced by Humberto’s intense warm core would have resulted in a sharp increase inthe strength of both the jet stream and the transverse circulation (Fig. 10), causing an accelerationof the low-level winds. This enhanced wind phenomenon can be seen in a time series plot ofsurface observations from the Bermuda airport (Fig. 11) late on 18 September where a peak Hurricane Humberto 510-min average wind speed of 71 kt and a gust to 101 kt occurred in conjunction with a sharptemperature decrease of at least 7°C (12°F) between 2328–2331 UTC. The much cooler air waslikely caused by cold downdrafts created by rain evaporating into dry air that was entrained intoHumberto’s southern eyewall. This ‘sting jet’ phenomenon may have persisted for several morehours based on the ‘onion-shaped’ temperature-dewpoint vertical profile shown in the 0249 UTC19 September dropwindsonde data (Fig. 6b) where drier air is noted in the 950–850-mb layer.Typically, the surface temperature in tropical cyclones is warmer than the air aloft unless thesurface layer has been modified by drier and cooler air that descends in convective downdrafts.The highest official wind speeds observed on Bermuda occurred late on 18 September.On the southwestern end of the island at Pearl Island, a 1-min sustained wind of 87 kt and a gustto 107 kt were measured at 2319 UTC 18 September. A 10-min average wind speed of 71 kt anda gust to 101 kt were measured on the northeastern end of the island at the L.F. WadeInternational Airport (TXKF) at 2328 UTC and by the AviMet-12 weather sensor located near thewest end of the runway at 2331 UTC, respectively. At the Bermuda Maritime Operations Centre(MAROPS) located on the north end of the island, a 1-min sustained wind of 94 kt and a gust of125 kt were measured at an elevation of 290 ft (88 m) at 2324 UTC. Reducing that sustained windto a standard 10-m elevation yields an equivalent 1-min wind speed of approximately 78 kt.There was an unofficial report of a 1-min sustained wind of 97 kt and a gust to 145 ktobserved by a private anemometer located on the roof of the Commissioner’s House atCommissioner’s Point (Fig. 12, left panel) at an elevation of 115 ft ASL (35 m). However, there issome uncertainty in the validity of this wind report due to the anemometer being located close tothe top of the building with a hipped-roof, which could cause winds flowing over the structure tobe accelerated by the Bernoulli Effect. Assuming that the wind data are valid, the 97-kt wind speedwould reduce to 89 kt at 10-m elevation.The Crescent Marine Navigation Aid (NAVAID) located offshore along the reef line about8 n mi northwest of Bermuda, measured a 10-min average wind speed of 82 kt and a gust to 113kt at an elevation of 6 m ASL at 2313 UTC (Fig. 12, right panel). Increasing the wind speed toabout 87 kt for a 10-m height (using a logarithmic vertical wind profile), and then adjusting thatvalue to a 1-min wind speed for an open marine exposure yields an equivalent wind speed ofapproximately 96 kt.The lowest reliable pressures on Bermuda occurred on the north end of the island at theairport when Humberto made its closest approach. A pressure of 978.8 mb was measured at 2321UTC 18 September by the AviMet-12 weather sensor, while a pressure of 979.3 mb was observedat the same time by the Bermuda (TXKF) airport official weather observing system (Table 4). Hurricane Humberto 6Storm Surge2 Storm surge values along the east coast of Florida (Table 4) were generally around 1.0 to1.5 ft, resulting in saltwater inundation levels of around 1 ft. On Bermuda, storm surge valueswere around 3 ft, mainly on the west-facing beaches.Rainfall and FloodingRainfall amounts on Bermuda were relatively light compared to most tropical cyclones. Astorm total rainfall of 1.57 inches was measured at the L.F. Wade International Airport (TXKF) on18–19 September. Rainfall amounts across the central and northwestern Bahamas, and the eastcoast of Florida, were less than one inch.CASUALTY AND DAMAGE STATISTICSHurricane Humberto was responsible for two direct deaths3 in the United States. A 22-year old man disappeared after going for a swim in the ocean off St. Augustine Beach, Florida,on 15 September. According to St. Johns County Fire-Rescue, the young man was last seen inthe water about 4 p.m. EDT that day, and was presumed to have drowned. The rough surf andstrong rip currents also resulted in 21 water rescues along the St. Johns County coast during theweekend of 14–15 September, with three people requiring hospitalization. Farther north along theU.S. coast on 18 September, a 62-year old man drowned in Humberto-induced rip currents atTopsail Beach, North Carolina.Humberto caused widespread damage and power outages on Bermuda. Powerful windgusts exceeding 100 kt across all of the island knocked down trees and power lines. Around28,000 customers, or more than 80% of the island’s subscribers, were without power at somepoint during the storm, which included a prolonged communications outage between the BermudaWeather Service and its Doppler weather radar system. The Bermuda Emergency Managementoffice reported that Humberto’s effects caused three structural fires and briefly forced the closure2 Several terms are used to describe water levels due to a storm. Storm surge is defined as the abnormalrise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide, and is expressed interms of height above normal tide levels. Because storm surge represents the deviation from normal waterlevels, it is not referenced to a vertical datum. Storm tide is defined as the water level due to thecombination of storm surge and the astronomical tide, and is expressed in terms of height above a verticaldatum, i.e. the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) or Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW).Inundation is the total water level that occurs on normally dry ground as a result of the storm tide, and isexpressed in terms of height above ground level. At the coast, normally dry land is roughly defined as areashigher than the normal high tide line, or Mean Higher High Water (MHHW).3 Deaths occurring as a direct result of the forces of the tropical cyclone are referred to as “direct” deaths.These would include those persons who drowned in storm surge, rough seas, rip currents, and freshwaterfloods. Direct deaths also include casualties resulting from lightning and wind-related events (e.g.,collapsing structures). Deaths occurring from such factors as heart attacks, house fires, electrocutions fromdowned power lines, vehicle accidents on wet roads, etc., are considered indirect” deaths.Hurricane Humberto 7of “The Causeway”, a road that connects the L.F. Wade International Airport in northern Bermudato the population centers in southern Bermuda, due to possible structural integrity issues.Information obtained from the Aon Re-Insurance Company’s (Aon.com) 2019 AnnualSummary indicate that damage losses on Bermuda caused by Hurricane Dorian, includingdamage to the new airport, exceed $25 million (USD).FORECAST AND WARNING CRITIQUEThe genesis of Humberto was adequately forecast. The wave from which Humbertodeveloped was first introduced in the Tropical Weather Outlook 198 h prior to genesis with a lowprobability of formation (<40%) in both the 48- and 120-h forecast periods (Table 2). However,the disturbance was dropped from the 48-h forecast period (hours shown in parentheses in Table2) when it became apparent that strong vertical wind shear was going to prevent genesis fromoccurring in the short term. The system was re-introduced into the 48-h period with a lowprobability of genesis 72 h before Humberto formed. The genesis probabilities for the disturbancewere increased to the medium category (40–60%) 48 h and 66 h before genesis for the 48- and120-h forecast periods, respectively. The genesis forecasts reached the high category (>60%)30 h and 42 h before genesis occurred for the 48- and 120-h forecast periods, respectively.A verification of NHC official track forecasts for Humberto is given in Table 5a. Officialforecast track errors (OFCL) were lower than the mean official errors for the previous 5-yr period,especially at 96 and 120 h where OFCL errors were about 45% and 30% better than average,respectively. Prior to Humberto being declared a tropical cyclone, Potential Tropical Cyclone(PTC) advisories were issued from 2100 UTC 12 September until 1800 UTC 13 September inanticipation of the disturbance producing tropical-storm-force winds across the northwesternBahamas and the Florida east coast. The OFCL forecasts were poor during the PTC stage, withthe first few advisories predicting landfall in the central and northwestern Bahamas and along theeast coast of the Florida peninsula (Fig. 13). However, moderate southwesterly vertical windshear (Fig. 4) during the PTC stage kept most of the deep convection displaced into thenortheastern portion of the circulation, resulting in the LLCC redeveloping to the east of theforecast tracks. Since the early OFCL forecasts were anticipating landfall, which would causeHumberto to weaken and become a shallow cyclone, they did not expect the storm to movethrough a weakness in the subtropical ridge situated off the southeastern coast of the UnitedStates. However, once Humberto became a tropical cyclone, track forecasts improvedsignificantly, including accurately predicting the pronounced decrease in forward speed and sharpturn toward the northeast when Humberto moved through a break in the ridge axis by early 16September. As a result, cross-track errors were small and no NHC forecasts took the center ofthe hurricane across Bermuda.A homogeneous comparison of the official track errors with selected guidance models isgiven in Table 5b. NHC official track forecasts outperformed all of the guidance models at 96 h,and were bested only slightly by the dynamical models EGRI (UKMET) and HMNI (HMON) atother time periods. The consensus models HCCA, FSSE (Florida State Superensemble), TVCA,TVCX, and TVDG had slightly lower track errors compared to OFCL at 12–48 h, but they were Hurricane Humberto 8significantly lower, by nearly 50%, at 120 h. The EMXI (ECMWF) had uncharacteristically largeerrors at all times, especially at the 72-, 96-, and 120-h periods, which were primarily due to alongtrack errors caused by a positive (fast) forward speed bias.A verification of NHC official intensity forecasts for Humberto is given in Table 6a. Officialforecast intensity errors were lower than the mean official errors for the previous 5-yr period in12–72 h and were greater than the mean errors at the 96- and 120-h periods. The larger-thanaverage errors at days 4 and 5 were due to a negative (low) intensity bias preceding Humberto’speak intensity, as forecasts did not anticipate Humberto’s continued strengthening in the face ofextremely hostile vertical wind shear conditions (Fig. 4) when the hurricane approached Bermuda.A positive (high) intensity bias later occurred due to forecasts not capturing the rapid weakeningtrend after Humberto peaked in intensity while passing to the northeast of Bermuda (Fig. 14).A homogeneous comparison of the official intensity errors with selected guidance modelsis given in Table 6b. NHC official intensity errors were lower than all of the dynamical models atall times, except for the EGRI and HWFI models, which bested OFCL at 12, 72, 96, and 120 h.The corrected-consensus models HCCA and FSSE were equal to or better than OFCL at all times.The global and regional models performed quite well by forecasting continued deepening ofHumberto, likely in response to strong baroclinic forcing when the hurricane was expected toencounter very unfavorable vertical wind shear conditions. However, the deepening process didnot equate to an increase in the eyewall pressure gradient and resultant increase in Humberto’sintensity, owing to the models’ baroclinic-induced pressure falls occurring over a relatively largearea both inside and outside the hurricane’s eye.Watches and warnings associated with Humberto are given in Table 7.A Tropical Storm Warning was issued for the northwestern Bahamas on the first PTCadvisory (2100 UTC 12 September) and a Tropical Storm Watch was issued for portions of theFlorida east coast on the second PTC advisory (0300 UTC 13 September). Due to Humberto’sactual path keeping the cyclone east of rather than through the Bahamas, the Tropical StormWarning for the northwestern Bahamas did not verify. Similarly, the Tropical Storm Watch for theFlorida east coast did not verify even though sustained winds of 32 kt along with wind gusts to 35kt (Table 4) occurred approximately 20 h after the Watch was issued.For Bermuda, the Tropical Storm Watch, Tropical Storm Warning, Hurricane Watch, andHurricane Warning were issued with lead times of approximately 48 h, 32 h, 32 h, and 26 h,respectively, before the arrival of tropical-storm-force winds on the island.Hurricane Humberto 9ReferencesBjerknes, J., 1951: Extratropical cyclones. Compendium of Meteorology, T.F. Malone, Ed., Amer.Meteor. Soc., 577–598.Browning, K.A., 2004: The sting at the end of the tail: Damaging winds associated withextratropical cyclones. Part B. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 130, No.597, 375–398.Hart, N.C.G., S.L. Gray, and P.A. Clark, 2017: Sting-jet windstorms over the North Atlantic:Climatology and contribution to extreme wind risk. J. Climate, 30, 5455–5471.AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks to Senior Hurricane Specialist John Cangialosi for the Humberto ‘besttrack’ map and to the Bermuda Weather Service for the surface observation and radar data fromBermuda. Data from the National Data Buoy Center in Table 3 and Tables 4. Data compiled fromPost-Tropical Cyclone Reports issued by the NWS Forecast Offices (WFO) in Miami andMelbourne, Florida, and the Bahamas Weather Service were also included in this report.Hurricane Humberto 10Table 1. Best track for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC)Latitude(°N)Longitude(°W)Pressure(mb)WindSpeed (kt) Stage12 / 1200 23.0 74.2 1010 25 low12 / 1800 23.4 74.3 1010 25 "13 / 0000 23.8 74.3 1009 25 "13 / 0600 24.2 74.4 1009 25 "13 / 1200 24.7 74.5 1008 30 "13 / 1800 25.2 74.7 1008 30 tropical depression14 / 0000 25.6 75.2 1007 35 tropical storm14 / 0600 26.0 75.9 1006 35 "14 / 1200 26.5 76.5 1004 40 "14 / 1800 27.0 77.0 1003 45 "15 / 0000 27.5 77.3 998 50 "15 / 0600 28.0 77.6 997 50 "15 / 1200 28.6 77.9 995 55 "15 / 1800 29.1 78.1 993 60 "16 / 0000 29.2 77.8 987 65 hurricane16 / 0600 29.5 77.3 982 70 "16 / 1200 29.8 76.7 979 75 "16 / 1800 30.1 76.1 975 75 "17 / 0000 30.3 75.4 966 80 "17 / 0600 30.5 74.7 964 85 "17 / 1200 30.7 73.8 961 90 "17 / 1800 30.9 72.9 956 95 "18 / 0000 31.2 71.6 952 100 "18 / 0600 31.5 70.3 951 105 "18 / 1200 32.0 68.8 951 105 "18 / 1800 32.5 67.2 950 110 "19 / 0000 33.2 65.0 950 110 "19 / 0300 33.8 64.0 950 110 "19 / 0600 34.5 62.9 951 105 "19 / 1200 36.0 60.8 955 95 "19 / 1800 37.7 59.3 961 80 "20 / 0000 39.1 58.5 967 70 extratropical20 / 0600 40.4 58.0 972 60 "20 / 1200 41.5 57.5 977 50 "20 / 1800 dissipated18 / 1800 32.5 67.2 950 110 minimum pressure andmaximum intensityHurricane Humberto 11Table 2. Number of hours in advance of formation associated with the first NHC TropicalWeather Outlook forecast in the indicated likelihood category. Note that the timingsfor the “Low” category do not include forecasts of a 0% chance of genesis. Hoursin parentheses ( ) indicates lead time system was first mentioned in the outlookbefore being removed and then re-entered.Hours Before Genesis48-Hour Outlook 120-Hour OutlookLow (<40%) (198) 72 198Medium (40%-60%) 48 66High (>60%) 30 42Hurricane Humberto 12Table 3. Selected ship and buoy reports during the PTC, tropical, and extratropical stageswith winds of at least 34 kt, except for significant observations, for HurricaneHumberto during the period 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC)Ship callsignLatitude(°N)Longitude(°W)Winddir/speed (kt)Pressure(mb)13 / 0300 3FOC5 26.8 79.4 050 / 37 1013.713 / 0900 3FZO8 24.4 74.3 040 / 35 1011.413 / 1500 H3VU 26.8 79.1 070 / 35 1018.013 / 2200 C6FV9 28.0 80.2 050 / 37 1014.313 / 2300 HPYE 27.9 80.0 050 / 40 1014.214 / 0100 3FZO8 26.3 78.9 050 / 40 1015.614 / 0100 C6FV9 27.4 79.7 050 / 37 1013.914 / 0300 HPYE 27.1 79.3 050 / 37 1014.114 / 0800 HPYE 26.0 78.3 020 / 45 1011.014 / 2200 H3GR 30.1 81.0 050 / 35 1016.815 / 0000 H3GR 29.8 80.7 050 / 35 1015.815 / 0200 3FZO8 28.7 78.5 050 / 35 1014.915 / 0300 3FZO8 28.8 78.2 050 / 35 1013.815 / 0400 VRNY4 27.9 74.2 130 / 35 1014.015 / 0500 3FZO8 28.9 77.5 090 / 43 1012.915 / 0600 3FZO8 29.0 77.2 100 / 40 1013.015 / 1200 3FZO8 29.4 75.7 130 / 45G56 1015.215 / 1340 Buoy 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1003.415 / 1350 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 35 1003.115 / 1400 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1002.215 / 1410 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43G50 1001.815 / 1420 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43G52 1001.615 / 1430 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43 1001.415 / 1440 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 44 1000.9Hurricane Humberto 1315 / 1450 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 45G55 1000.815 / 1500 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 41G56 1000.815 / 1510 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1000.915 / 1520 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 35 1001.115 / 1920 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 35 998.715 / 1930 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.515 / 1940 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 39 998.415 / 1950 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.515 / 2000 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 998.115 / 2010 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 39 998.615 / 2020 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.815 / 2030 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 998.615 / 2040 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 999.015 / 2050 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 35 999.315 / 2100 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 35 999.115 / 2110 41010 28.9 78.5 290 / 37 998.415 / 2120 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 39 998.215 / 2130 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 39 998.715 / 2140 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 999.015 / 2150 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 37 999.215 / 2200 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 999.515 / 2320 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 1001.415 / 2330 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 1001.516 / 0200 3FFL8 25.9 78.0 180 / 38 1013.916 / 0200 3FOC5 27.4 79.3 280 / 35 1011.416 / 0400 C6FM8 25.6 76.1 220 / 35 1011.016 / 2100 WDD612 30.6 79.6 010 / 35 1011.517 / 0150 Buoy 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.317 / 0240 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.2Hurricane Humberto 1417 / 0250 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.317 / 0350 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.217 / 0450 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1005.517 / 0610 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.617 / 0620 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1003.317 / 0630 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.417 / 0640 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.317 / 0650 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1003.117 / 0700 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.917 / 0710 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 39 1002.717 / 0720 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1002.817 / 0730 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.817 / 0740 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.317 / 0750 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1002.517 / 0800 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.017 / 0810 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G50 1001.917 / 0820 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.117 / 0828 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 4717 / 0830 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 41G52 1002.217 / 0840 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37G50 1002.217 / 0850 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 41G51 1002.117 / 0900 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.817 / 0910 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 39 1001.917 / 0920 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1001.917 / 0930 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.017 / 0940 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 39G52 1001.717 / 0950 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G51 1001.717 / 1000 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39G50 1001.617 / 1010 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.6Hurricane Humberto 1517 / 1020 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.717 / 1030 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1001.617 / 1040 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.617 / 1050 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G51 1001.617 / 1100 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.717 / 1110 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.217 / 1120 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.317 / 1130 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.117 / 1140 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.317 / 1150 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 37 1002.617 / 1200 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.217 / 1210 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.617 / 1220 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.817 / 1230 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.917 / 1240 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.617 / 1300 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.117 / 1320 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.317 / 1330 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.317 / 1350 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.817 / 1400 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1003.618 / 0230 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 35 995.118 / 0300 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 35 993.518 / 0310 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 993.518 / 0320 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 39 993.518 / 0330 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 35 993.018 / 0340 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 35 992.718 / 0410 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 990.218 / 0420 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 39 990.418 / 0430 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 41 989.7Hurricane Humberto 1618 / 0440 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 989.118 / 0450 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 39 988.718 / 0500 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 41 987.718 / 0510 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 41 987.418 / 0520 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 45 986.118 / 0530 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 45 984.718 / 0540 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 47 983.918 / 0550 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 47G64 982.918 / 0600 V7A207 35.4 68.0 070 / 40 1008.518 / 0600 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 49G65 981.418 / 0610 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 49G66 979.818 / 0620 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 51G68 978.318 / 0630 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G70 976.618 / 0640 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 52G73 975.318 / 0650 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 51G65 973.918 / 0700 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 52G71 972.618 / 0710 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G72 971.218 / 0717 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6118 / 0720 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G73 969.218 / 0724 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6618 / 0730 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 56G74 967.118 / 0735 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 0740 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G75 964.418 / 0743 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 0748 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 0750 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G77 963.218 / 0754 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6518 / 0800 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G75 962.318 / 0802 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 61Hurricane Humberto 1718 / 0810 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 56G75 961.018 / 0820 41048 31.8 69.6 100 / 54G73 960.118 / 0830 41048 31.8 69.6 090 / 52G70 959.018 / 0840 41048 31.8 69.6 090 / 49G68 957.618 / 0850 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 47G60 955.918 / 0900 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 41G56 955.618 / 0910 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 39G55 955.018 / 0920 41048 31.8 69.6 070 / 32G47 954.518 / 0930 41048 31.8 69.6 060 / 27G38 954.218 / 0940 41048 31.8 69.6 060 / 30G40 955.218 / 0948 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 2918 / 0950 41048 31.8 69.6 040 / 24G36 955.818 / 1000 41048 31.8 69.6 030 / 37G54 957.118 / 1010 41048 31.8 69.6 010 / 49G78 956.318 / 1020 41048 31.8 69.6 010 / 52G73 959.018 / 1027 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6118 / 1030 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 58G76 961.118 / 1034 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6518 / 1040 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 60G81 963.418 / 1046 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 1050 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 60G80 967.418 / 1100 C6SE3 36.2 71.9 020 / 37 1017.018 / 1100 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 54G75 969.518 / 1101 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6018 / 1110 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 54G72 971.218 / 1120 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 57G76 973.018 / 1129 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6618 / 1130 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 59G77 974.518 / 1134 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 62Hurricane Humberto 1818 / 1140 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 58G75 976.418 / 1150 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 56G74 978.018 / 1154 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6318 / 1200 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 57G74 979.818 / 1209 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 1210 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 58G75 980.718 / 1215 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 1220 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 56G74 982.818 / 1230 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 56G73 984.518 / 1240 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 54G70 986.118 / 1250 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 54G70 987.318 / 1300 3FZO8 27.3 63.3 190 / 35 1012.818 / 1300 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 52G67 988.118 / 1310 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 52G65 989.418 / 1320 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 49G60 990.018 / 1330 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 47 990.418 / 1340 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 990.818 / 1350 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 47 991.218 / 1400 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 991.918 / 1410 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 43 992.318 / 1420 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 992.818 / 1430 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 993.518 / 1440 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 993.618 / 1442 Buoy 41047 27.5 71.5 *** / 3518 / 1450 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 994.018 / 1500 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 994.418 / 1510 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 994.918 / 1520 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 995.618 / 1530 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 996.1Hurricane Humberto 1918 / 1540 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 37 996.718 / 1550 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 39 997.018 / 1600 3FZO8 26.8 64.1 190 / 35 1012.518 / 1600 V7WS4 32.8 74.5 030 / 38 1019.418 / 1600 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 41 997.718 / 1610 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 41 998.018 / 1620 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 39 998.618 / 1630 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 41 998.718 / 1640 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 999.218 / 1650 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 37 999.618 / 1700 3FZO8 26.6 64.3 190 / 35 1012.018 / 1700 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 999.718 / 1710 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 41 999.618 / 1720 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 999.818 / 1730 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.218 / 1740 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.218 / 1750 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1000.318 / 1800 VRSK6 36.0 73.7 350 / 37 1014.018 / 1800 V7A207 37.3 70.3 040 / 50 1011.518 / 1800 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1000.618 / 1810 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.918 / 1820 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1001.218 / 1830 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1001.318 / 1840 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1001.519 / 0400 KABP 40.1 62.4 050 / 35 1016.519 / 0500 KABP 40.0 63.0 040 / 40 1016.319 / 0600 KABP 40.0 63.4 040 / 40 1015.319 / 0900 DCPI2 39.3 56.0 090 / 3719 / 1200 DCPI2 39.5 54.8 070 / 40 1011.4Hurricane Humberto 2019 / 1500 DCPI2 39.7 53.5 090 / 40 1010.419 / 1800 DCPI2 39.9 52.3 080 / 36 1013.320 / 1200 9VKQ2 38.9 50.2 060 / 38 1019.020 / 1800 44139 44.2 57.1 050 / 35 1002.0*** = wind direction not availableG = wind gustBuoy averaging periods are 10 minutes; 1-minute average wind denoted by no wind direction (***).Buoys 41010 and 41048 anemometer height = 4.1 m above sea levelBuoy 41002 anemometer height = 3.8 m above sea levelHurricane Humberto 21Table 4. Selected surface observations for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)BermudaInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesL.F. Wade IAP (TXKF)(32.36N 64.68W – elev. 59 ft) 18/1955 990.9 18/1955 3410 m/10 min 4818/2019 989.8 18/2019 3710 m/10 min 5618/2055 989.2 18/2055 3510 m/10 min 5418/2142 985.1 18/2142 4510 m/10 min 6218/2155 985.0 18/2155 4610 m/10 min 6418/2220 984.1 18/2220 4810 m/10 min 7118/2255 982.1 18/2255 5810 m/10 min 7518/2309 982.0 18/2309 5010 m/10 min 7218/2321 979.318/2328 980.0 18/2328 7110 m/10 min 9718/2331 980.0 18/2331 7010 m/10 min 10118/2355 981.0 18/2355 6310 m/10 min 9519/0012 986.1 19/0012 5310 m/10 min 7519/0058 990.9 19/0058 4410 m/10 min 6419/0155 994.9 19/0155 4010 m/10 min 53 1.57AWOSAirport AviMet-1232.366N 64.696W 18/2321 978.8 18/2330 7110 m/10 min 10118/2331 7110 m/10 min 10118/2332 7010 m/10 min 10118/2327 7010 m/10 min 97Airport AviMet-3032.361N 64.666W 18/2335 981.3 18/2331 100Hurricane Humberto 22LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)18/2333 6910 m/10 min 10018/2337 7110 m/10 min 8618/2339 7110 m/10 min 89Crescent (offshore)Marine NAVAID32.42N 64.82W18/2313 826 m/10 min 10118/2316 806 m/10 min 10218/2300 796 m/10 min 11318/2319 796 m/10 min 9818/2303 786 m/10 min 9718/2308 786 m/10 min 9718/2309 786 m/10 min 10018/2355 786 m/10 min 10318/2248 776 m/10 min 10518/2307 776 m/10 min 9318/2320 776 m/10 min 9618/2331 766 m/10 min 10118/2315 756 m/10 min 10118/2254 746 m/10 min 10118/2322 746 m/10 min 10818/2337 736 m/10 min 10318/2311 731m/10 min 10218/2343 706 m/10 min 106ESSO Pier, St. Georges Is.32.37N 64.70W 18/2324 980.2 18/2242 734 m/2 min 3.018/2154 724 m/2 min18/2212 7046 m/2 minHurricane Humberto 23LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)Heliport f32.36N 64.70W 18/2019 5310 m/1 min 6818/2022 5210 m/1 min 7718/2016 5210 m/1 min 6318/2018 5210 m/1 min 7518/2023 5110 m/1 min 74Maritime OperationsCentre (MAROPS)32.38N 64.68W (elev. 290 ft)18/2352 980.0 18/2324 94/1 min 12518/2327 11818/2330 11718/2326 11618/2358 11618/2332 11518/2347 11518/2355 11518/2350 114Pearl Island (near shore)32.29N 64.84W 18/2319 8710 m/1 min 10718/2322 8510 m/1 min 9518/2316 8410 m/1 min 9818/2310 8310 m/1 min 9418/2321 8110 m/1 min 10718/2317 7310 m/1 min 10518/2319 8710 m/1 min 10218/2320 7810 m/1 min 10218/2328 8010 m/1 min 9918/2316 8410 m/1 min 98Hurricane Humberto 24LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)UnofficialCommissioner’s House,National Museum ofBermuda, DockyardWindGuru.cz elev. 115 ft(32.33N 64.83W)18/2322 97/1 min 14518/2318 97/1 min 14518/2320 97/1 min18/2330 97/1 minBahamasInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesGrand Bahama IAP (MYGF)(26.56N 78.70W – elev. 10 ft) 14/2100 1010.8 13/1816 2510 m/10 minCoastal-MarineAutomated Network(C-MAN) SitesSettlement Point GBI(SPGF1) 26.70N 79.00W 15/0800 1010.7 13/2350 247 m/2 min 32FloridaInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesDaytona Beach IAP(KDAB) 29.18N 81.06W 15/1955 1011.8 15/0351 2510 m/2 min 32Mayport Naval Base(KNRB) 30.39N 81.42W 16/0752 1013.2 15/1150 2410 m/2 min 30National Ocean Service(NOS) SitesBlount Island Command(BLIF1) 30.39N 81.52W 16/2248 1014.9 15/1524 209 m/6 min 33Dames Point(DMSF1) 30.40N 81.43W 16/2248 1014.9 1.02 2.45 1.1Fernandina Beach(FRDF1) 30.67N 81.47W 16/2218 1014.3 15/2030 157 m/6 min 24 1.76 3.47 0.7Hurricane Humberto 25LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)Lake Worth Pier(LWKF1) 26.61N 80.03W 15/2100 1012.3 13/2306 286 m/6 min 35 1.28 1.58 1.0Mayport (Bar Pilots Dock)(MYPF1) 30.40N 81.43W 16/2236 1014.2 15/1200 256 m/6 min 32 1.34 2.93 1.0Southbank Riverwalk, St.Johns River(MSBF1) 30.32N 81.66W0.98 1.78 1.1South Port Everglades(PEGF1) 26.08N 80.12W 15/2042 1011.4 13/2224 326 m/6 min 35 0.87 1.52 1.0Trident Pier, Prt Canaveral(TRDF1) 28.41N 80.59W 15/2012 1012.6 14/1736 217 m/6 min 28 1.32 2.22 1.1Virginia Key, Biscayne Bay(VAKF1) 25.73N 80.16W 15/2100 1011.2 13/1936 2310 m/6 min 31 0.91 1.38 1.2a Date/time is for sustained wind when both sustained and gust are listed. b Except as noted, sustained wind averaging periods for C-MAN and land-based reports are 2 min. c Storm surge is water height above normal astronomical tide level. d For most locations, storm tide is water height above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). Stormtide is water height above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) for NOS stations in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands,and Barbados. e Estimated inundation is the maximum height of water above ground. For some USGS storm tide pressure sensors,inundation is estimated by subtracting the elevation of the sensor from the recorded storm tide. For other USGSstorm tide sensors and USGS high-water marks, inundation is estimated by subtracting the elevation of the landderived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the recorded and measured storm tide. For NOS tide gauges,the height of the water above Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) is used as a proxy for inundation. f Data not available after 2024 UTC 18 September 2019.Hurricane Humberto 26Table 5a. NHC official (OFCL) and climatology-persistence skill baseline (OCD5) trackforecast errors (n mi) for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Meanerrors for the previous 5-yr period are shown for comparison. Official errors thatare smaller than the 5-yr means are shown in boldface type.Forecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 17.5 29.2 44.6 58.8 93.2 75.5 122.8OCD5 36.3 79.3 132.4 190.6 287.9 359.5 424.9Forecasts 23 21 19 17 13 9 5OFCL (2014-18) 23.6 35.5 47.0 61.8 96.0 136.0 179.6OCD5 (2014-18) 44.8 97.6 157.4 220.1 340.7 446.6 536.6Hurricane Humberto 27Table 5b. Homogeneous comparison of selected track forecast guidance models (in n mi)for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Errors smaller than the NHCofficial forecast are shown in boldface type. The number of official forecasts shownhere will generally be smaller than that shown in Table 5a due to the homogeneityrequirement.Model IDForecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 15.5 21.7 38.9 50.6 92.7 82.1 150.0OCD5 29.2 52.8 96.9 153.0 295.9 393.0 522.4GFSI 16.6 30.6 49.7 77.0 143.8 136.4 191.9EMXI 17.6 30.6 54.6 80.2 170.3 264.2 328.8EGRI 11.7 18.4 30.1 37.4 63.5 86.0 182.0CMCI 18.8 36.0 66.8 101.5 210.9 275.8 200.3NVGI 26.6 40.6 63.9 90.4 228.9 436.1 613.6AEMI 17.5 28.7 45.7 69.0 140.4 158.2 344.6HWFI 25.1 41.1 61.5 83.0 126.2 139.4 335.8HMNI 17.3 23.1 35.8 45.5 77.9 140.8 260.9HCCA 13.8 19.3 31.8 44.1 98.3 129.1 127.1FSSE 13.0 15.4 30.5 41.5 87.9 113.5 163.1TVCA 14.7 20.5 34.6 51.5 96.3 84.0 79.4TVCX 14.4 19.8 35.0 49.7 98.8 88.6 68.9TVDG 13.5 17.6 32.7 45.9 90.3 83.0 57.6GFEX 16.0 25.7 47.9 73.1 154.3 199.5 255.6TABD 19.4 20.7 40.6 73.6 189.1 462.7 911.8TABM 27.4 48.5 82.2 115.6 187.9 220.1 253.0TABS 47.7 111.0 191.1 276.9 437.6 670.1 1021.8Forecasts 10 10 10 10 9 6 3 Hurricane Humberto 28Table 6a. NHC official (OFCL) and climatology-persistence skill baseline (OCD5) intensityforecast errors (kt) for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Mean errorsfor the previous 5-yr period are shown for comparison. Official errors that aresmaller than the 5-yr means are shown in boldface type.Forecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 5.2 6.2 5.3 8.5 10.8 17.2 21.0OCD5 8.1 12.1 15.7 19.9 29.2 41.0 40.0Forecasts 23 21 19 17 13 9 5OFCL (2014-18) 5.3 7.9 9.9 11.2 13.3 14.4 14.2OCD5 (2014-18) 6.9 10.9 14.3 17.4 20.9 22.0 22.8Hurricane Humberto 29Table 6b. Homogeneous comparison of selected intensity forecast guidance models (in kt)for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Errors smaller than the NHCofficial forecast are shown in boldface type. The number of official forecasts shownhere will generally be smaller than that shown in Table 6a due to the homogeneityrequirement.Model IDForecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 4.0 3.5 4.0 9.0 10.6 15.8 11.7OCD5 4.9 9.7 15.2 20.6 28.9 40.0 34.0GFSI 3.4 5.7 9.2 12.1 15.9 22.0 11.7EMXI 4.9 10.4 19.8 27.5 33.4 37.3 25.0EGRI 3.5 6.0 8.8 9.3 9.2 6.8 7.0CMCI 6.0 9.8 14.2 15.3 22.0 22.0 11.0NVGI 6.3 9.8 16.2 19.4 31.0 34.3 21.0AEMI 9.1 14.6 19.9 23.1 29.8 33.5 29.7HMNI 6.0 9.8 14.6 16.1 17.7 16.5 16.0HWFI 3.2 4.1 7.2 8.6 7.6 7.3 14.3HCCA 3.2 3.3 4.7 6.3 10.9 13.8 6.7FSSE 3.2 3.5 4.8 6.9 5.8 7.8 7.0DSHP 4.1 7.1 12.4 15.7 18.1 23.3 12.7LGEM 4.4 5.9 9.2 12.3 18.6 26.0 18.0ICON 3.8 5.6 9.3 11.9 13.2 18.0 15.3IVCN 3.6 4.9 9.0 12.2 14.1 18.2 13.3IVDR 3.3 5.0 9.1 11.6 14.2 16.8 12.3Forecasts 10 10 10 10 9 6 3 Hurricane Humberto 30Table 7. Watch and warning summary for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC) Action Location12 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning issued Northwestern Bahamas13 / 0300 Tropical Storm Watch issuedJupiter Inlet to Volusia/BrevardCounty Line, Florida13 / 0900 Tropical Storm Watch modified toJupiter Inlet to Volusia/BrevardCounty Line, Florida14 / 0300 Tropical Storm Watch discontinued All14 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning discontinued All16 / 2100 Tropical Storm Watch issued Bermuda17 / 1200 Tropical Storm Watch changed toTropical Storm Warning Bermuda17 / 1500 Hurricane Watch issued Bermuda17 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning changed toHurricane Warning Bermuda17 / 2100 Hurricane Watch discontinued Bermuda19 / 0300 Hurricane Warning changed to TropicalStorm Warning Bermuda19 / 0600 Tropical Storm Warning discontinued BermudaHurricane Humberto 31Figure 1. Best track positions for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. The track during the extratropical stage is partially basedon analyses from the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center.Hurricane Humberto 32Figure 2. Selected wind observations and best track maximum sustained surface wind speed curve for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19September 2019. Aircraft observations have been adjusted for elevation using 90%, 83%, and 80% adjustment factors forobservations from 700 mb, 800 mb, and 850 mb, respectively. Dropwindsonde observations include actual 10-m winds (sfc),as well as surface estimates derived from the mean wind over the lowest 150 m of the wind sounding (LLM). Advanced DvorakTechnique estimates represent the Current Intensity at the nominal observation time. SATCON intensity estimates are from theCooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. Dashed vertical lines correspond to 0000 UTC. Hurricane Humberto 33Figure 3. Selected pressure observations and best track minimum central pressure curve for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19 September2019. Advanced Dvorak Technique estimates represent the Current Intensity at the nominal observation time. SATCONintensity estimates are from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. KZC P-W refers to pressure estimatesderived using the Knaff-Zehr-Courtney pressure-wind relationship. Dashed vertical lines correspond to 0000 UTC. Hurricane Humberto 34Figure 4. Time series of Hurricane Humberto’s actual intensity versus GFS-based SHIPS model analyzed environmental parameters:850−200-mb vertical wind shear (G-SHEAR - kt), sea-surface temperature (SST - °C), upper-ocean heat content (UOHC –kJ cm-2), and 700−500-mb average relative humidity (MDLVLRH - %). Direction of vertical wind shear vectors (black dashedarrows) is relative to true north, with north being at the top of the page. Time period covered is from 1200 UTC 30 August to1200 UTC 15 September 2018, which includes Humberto’s Potential Tropical Cyclone stage (red shading). For comparison,the ECMWF-based SHIPS model vertical wind shear values (E-SHEAR - kt) have been included (pink-dashed line). Hurricane Humberto 35Figure 5. Time series plot of Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft flight-level wind speed (kt), SFMR-derived surface wind speed(kt), and SFMR-derived rain rate (mm/h) data collected from 0218-0258 UTC 19 September 2019 while traversing Humberto’seye and eyewall from north to south. A maximum flight-level wind speed of 121 kt and a peak SFMR-derived wind speed of113 kt were sampled at 0248 UTC in the remnant southern eyewall.Hurricane Humberto 36Figure 6. Vertical wind profile (a) and temperature-dewpoint profile (b) from a dropsonde released in the southern eyewall of HurricaneHumberto at 0249 UTC 19 September 2019. Solid red line indicates wind speed and red arrows indicate wind direction relativeto true north (top of page); solid blue line is the ambient temperature and dashed green line is the dewpoint temperature. WL150and MBL are computed from the mean wind speed (kt) in lowest 150 m and lowest 500 m of the dropsonde, respectively. Hurricane Humberto 37Figure 7. Time series plot of surface pressure data (mb) between 0000 UTC and 1800 UTC 18 September 2019 from NOAA Buoy 40148,located 240 n mi west of Bermuda. The center of Hurricane Humberto passed approximately 6 n mi southeast of the buoyaround 0930 UTC 18 September, when a minimum pressure of 954.2 mb was measured. Hurricane Humberto 38Figure 8. Bermuda Weather Service Doppler weather radar reflectivity images (0.5°elevation) at 2249 UTC 18 September (left panel)and 0409 UTC 19 September 2019 (right panel); images are the last and first radar data, respectively, surrounding a prolongedcommunications outage on the island caused by Hurricane Humberto. The splash location of a 0247 UTC 19 Septemberdropsonde is indicated by the red circled-X. An Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft flew through the same location andmeasured moderate rain rates, an indication that the dropsonde passed through the eroding remnant southern eyewall.Hurricane Humberto 39Figure 9. GFS model analysis of the 200-mb height field (dm) at 1800 UTC 18 September 2019; Purple-dashed arrow indicates axis ofmaximum jetstream wind speeds and blue-shaded area depicts region of wind speeds >50 kt (left panel); cross-sectionalschematic diagram (oriented NW-SE through Humberto) illustrating the associated transverse circulation as Humbertoapproached the right-rear jetstream entrance region (right panel).Hurricane Humberto 40Figure 10. GFS model analysis of the 200-mb height field (dm) at 0000 UTC 19 September 2019; Purple-dashed arrow indicates axis ofmaximum jetstream wind speeds and blue-shaded area depicts region of wind speeds >50 kt (left panel); cross-sectionalschematic diagram (oriented NW-SE through Humberto) illustrating the enhanced/increased transverse circulation due toHumberto’s intense warm core superimposed onto the right-rear jetstream entrance region (right panel). Enhancement of thelow-level westerly branch of the transverse circulation likely produced a ‘sting jet’ type wind phenomenon that helped to increaseHumberto’s maximum wind during the time the cyclone’s eyewall was eroding and weakening.Hurricane Humberto 41Figure 11. Time series plot of selected surface observation data from L.F. Wade International Airport, Bermuda (TXKF), during the 48-hperiod 1200 UTC 18 September to 1200 UTC September 2019 during the passage of the southern eyewall of HurricaneHumberto over the island. Note the occurrence of the peak winds (10-min average and gusts) coincident with a sharp drop inthe ambient temperature around 2230 UTC 18 September, indicative of cold downdrafts that are driven by strong evaporativecooling.Hurricane Humberto 42Figure 12. Commissioner’s Point, Bermuda, observation location viewing west (left panel). Anemometer equipment located on the top ofthe roof could have produced accelerated and unrepresentative wind speeds due to the Bernoulli Effect created by air flowingover the hipped-roof on the Commissioner’s House structure. Crescent Beacon NAVAID (right panel) located approximately 8n mi northwest of Bermuda.Hurricane Humberto 43Figure 13. Selected official track forecasts (solid and dashed blue lines, with 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h positions indicated),including the PTC stage, for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. The best track is given by the solid red line withpositions given at 6-h intervals. Hurricane Humberto 44Figure 14. Selected official intensity forecasts (kt, solid blue lines, in 24-h increments) for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19 September 2019.The best track intensity (kt) is denoted by the solid red line with hurricane symbols at 6-h intervals. Intensity forecasts from 1800UTC 12 September until 1200 UTC 13 September were during the PTC stage.
 
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NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTERTROPICAL CYCLONE REPORTHURRICANE HUMBERTO(AL092019)13–19 September 2019Stacy R. StewartNational Hurricane Center19 February 2020LAST BERMUDA RADAR REFLECTIVITY IMAGE AT 2249 UTC 18 SEPTEMBER 2019 WHEN HUMBERTO WAS MAKING ITSCLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH TO BERMUDA AS A MAJOR HURRICANE, JUST PRIOR TO A COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE.Humberto was a category 3 hurricane (on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale)that skirted the extreme eastern portions of the Bahamas before raking Bermuda withsustained hurricane-force winds for several hours that caused significant island-widedamage. The hurricane also produced large ocean swells and rip currents along thesoutheastern coast of the United States that resulted in two fatalities.Hurricane Humberto 2Hurricane Humberto13–19 SEPTEMBER 2019SYNOPTIC HISTORY A weak tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on 27 August, accompanied bylittle convection. The disturbance continued on a westward track across the deep tropical Atlanticfor the next several days before it began to interact with a mid- to upper-level trough a few hundredn mi east of the Lesser Antilles on 4 September. The westward motion of the northern portion ofthe wave was impeded by the southwesterly flow on the east side of the trough, which causedthe wave to fracture. By 6 September, the northern portion of the wave turned slowly toward thenorth-northwest while the southern portion of the wave continued to move quickly westwardtoward the southern Windward Islands.Little change to the northern wave’s structure occurred over the next few days whileassociated shower activity was minimal as the wave and the upper-level trough moved in tandemtoward the northwest. By 10 September, the disturbance was located just north of Hispaniola nearthe Turks and Caicos, moving slowly northwestward and parallel to the easternmost Bahamasarchipelago. Over the next 72 h, anticyclonic flow on the east side of the now negatively tiltedupper-level trough steadily increased, which aided in slow but steady development andorganization of deep convection along and east of the wave axis. The associated thunderstormactivity pulsed during this time, with a distinct increase in convection noted during the nighttimeperiod, followed by weakening during the daylight hours. Convection persisted despite its pulsingnature, with scatterometer wind data indicating that a broad surface low pressure system hadformed near the southeastern Bahamas by 1200 UTC 12 September. By early on 13 September,thunderstorms had organized into a narrow curved band in the northeastern quadrant of thesystem, and nearby ship and surface observations from the Bahamas indicated that the low-levelcirculation center (LLCC) had also become better-defined. Based on these data, it is estimatedthat a tropical depression formed by 1800 UTC that day about 75 n mi east of the centralBahamian island of Eleuthera. The cyclone strengthened into a tropical storm just 6 h later. The“best track” chart of the tropical cyclone’s path is given in Fig. 1, with the wind and pressurehistories shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The best track positions and intensities are listedin Table 11.Tropical Storm Humberto turned northwestward early on 14 September and maintainedthat motion for the next 48 h, accompanied by a slow forward speed of 3–7 kt due to the cyclonemoving through a narrow break in the Bermuda-Azores ridge. Despite moderate southwesterly towesterly 850–500-mb vertical wind shear (Fig. 4), slow-moving Humberto steadily strengthenedduring that time, attaining hurricane status by 0000 UTC 16 September when the cyclone briefly1 A digital record of the complete best track, including wind radii, can be found on line atftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf. Data for the current year’s storms are located in the btk directory, while previousyears’ data are located in the archive directory.Hurricane Humberto 3stalled about 150 n mi east-northeast of Cape Canaveral, Florida. The broad deep-layer troughlocated to the northwest of Humberto nudged the tropical cyclone east-northeastward at forwardspeeds of less than 10 kt for the next 48 h. During this time, the hurricane continued to steadilystrengthen despite strong vertical wind shear of near 30 kt and sharply decreasing mid-levelhumidity values (Fig. 4), with Humberto reaching major hurricane status by 0000 UTC 18September. Thereafter, only slight strengthening occurred through 0000 UTC 19 September whenHumberto passed about 55 n mi northwest of Bermuda with maximum sustained winds of 110 kt.Later that morning after passing to the north of Bermuda, Humberto began acceleratingnortheastward ahead of a broad trough and its associated cold front, with forward speedsincreasing from 15 kt to near 25 kt throughout the day. During this time, the hurricane also begana steady weakening trend due to increasing south-southwesterly vertical wind shear exceeding50 kt and entrainment of very dry mid-level air, despite the otherwise favorable sea-surfacetemperatures in excess of 27°C (Fig. 4).By early on 20 September, the hurricane finally succumbed to the strong vertical shearconditions and became devoid of any deep convection, causing Humberto to become anextratropical cyclone when it was located about 500 n mi south-southwest of Cape Race,Newfoundland. However, the expansive extratropical low continued to produce hurricane- andgale-force winds over a large area until the system merged with a larger extratropical low andfrontal system by 1800 UTC that day more than 300 n mi south-southwest of Cape Race.METEOROLOGICAL STATISTICS Observations in Humberto (Figs. 2 and 3) include subjective satellite-based Dvoraktechnique intensity estimates from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) and theSatellite Analysis Branch (SAB), objective Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT) estimates andSatellite Consensus (SATCON) estimates from the Cooperative Institute for MeteorologicalSatellite Studies/University of Wisconsin-Madison. Observations also include flight-level, steppedfrequency microwave radiometer (SFMR), and dropwindsonde observations from 10 flights by the53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of the U.S. Air Force Reserve Command and 4 flightsby the NOAA Aircraft Operations Center (AOC), including 3 Tail Doppler Radar (TDR) missions,which resulted in a total of 27 center fixes and 7 center fixes, respectively. Data and imagery fromNOAA polar-orbiting satellites including the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), theNASA Global Precipitation Mission (GPM), the European Space Agency’s AdvancedScatterometer (ASCAT), and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, amongothers, were also useful in constructing the best track of Humberto.Selected ship and buoy reports of tropical-storm-force winds, plus other pertinent marineobservations, associated with Humberto are given in Table 2. Selected land-based surfaceobservations are given in Table 3.Hurricane Humberto 4Winds and Pressure Humberto’s estimated maximum intensity of 110 kt between 1800 UTC 18 September and0300 UTC 19 September is based on an average of a reconnaissance aircraft 700-mb flight-levelwind of 121 kt (which equates to an equivalent surface wind speed of 109 kt), SFMR surface windspeeds of 110–113 kt (Fig. 5), dropwindsonde WL150- and MBL-surface equivalent wind speedestimates of 105 and 103 kt, respectively, and UW-CIMSS SATCON satellite intensity estimatesof 112–116 kt. The reconnaissance and dropwindsonde data were collected within a narrow bandof convection in the southern eyewall where SFMR rain rate estimates were 11–15 mm/h (0.43–0.59 in/h). The highest wind speed measured by a dropwindsonde during Humberto’s lifetimewas 138 kt at the 890-mb level at 0249 UTC 19 September (Fig. 6a). This dropwindsonde wasreleased and remained in Humberto’s remnant southern eyewall until the splash time of 0249UTC 19 September (Fig. 6a). The instrument traversed the convection from west to east basedon the positions of the release and splash points being aligned perfectly along a 270-degree (true)direction. Although the sonde measured a surface wind speed of 114 kt, that value is an‘instantaneous’ 2-second sample, which is more representative of a wind gust rather than a 1-minsustained wind.The estimated minimum central pressure of 950 mb from 1800 UTC 18 September to0300 UTC 19 September is based on aircraft dropwindsonde eye reports of pressures of951–952 mb, which were accompanied by surface wind speeds of 10–20 kt. This pressureestimate is consistent with earlier pressure values of 954–955 mb measured by NOAA Buoy40148, located about 240 n mi west of Bermuda, when the center of Hurricane Humberto passedapproximately 6 n mi southeast of the buoy. At 0930 UTC 18 September, a minimum pressurevalue of 954.2 mb was reported, along with a coincident wind speed of 27 kt (4 m ASL), whichindicates that the central pressure at that time was likely around 951 mb (Table 3; Fig. 7).It should be noted that the steady pressure of 950–951 mb from 1800 UTC to 0300 UTC(Fig. 3) suggests that Humberto’s peak tangential winds likely remained steady at around 105 ktbased on various pressure-wind relationship equations. Radar data from Bermuda (Fig. 8)indicate that the eyewall was eroding quickly after 1800 UTC 18 September, and that the peakwinds measured by reconnaissance aircraft and dropwindsonde at 0248 UTC 19 September likelyoccurred in a very narrow eyewall, which is not indicative of an intensifying tropical cyclone,especially one that is approaching category 4 intensity. The additional increase in intensity asmeasured by reconnaissance aircraft was likely due to baroclinic forcing that produced a low-leveljet that may have had some characteristics similar to a “sting jet” that occurs in association withsome deepening extratropical low pressure systems (Browning 2004; Hart et al. 2017).By 1800 UTC 18 September, Humberto had moved into the right-rear entrance region ofan upper-level jet stream wind maximum (Fig. 9, left panel), where an existing transversecirculation (i.e., combined vertical and horizontal circulations; Fig. 9, right panel) was present(Bjerknes 1951). The rapid warming of the air column on the equatorward (southeast) side of thejet stream induced by Humberto’s intense warm core would have resulted in a sharp increase inthe strength of both the jet stream and the transverse circulation (Fig. 10), causing an accelerationof the low-level winds. This enhanced wind phenomenon can be seen in a time series plot ofsurface observations from the Bermuda airport (Fig. 11) late on 18 September where a peak Hurricane Humberto 510-min average wind speed of 71 kt and a gust to 101 kt occurred in conjunction with a sharptemperature decrease of at least 7°C (12°F) between 2328–2331 UTC. The much cooler air waslikely caused by cold downdrafts created by rain evaporating into dry air that was entrained intoHumberto’s southern eyewall. This ‘sting jet’ phenomenon may have persisted for several morehours based on the ‘onion-shaped’ temperature-dewpoint vertical profile shown in the 0249 UTC19 September dropwindsonde data (Fig. 6b) where drier air is noted in the 950–850-mb layer.Typically, the surface temperature in tropical cyclones is warmer than the air aloft unless thesurface layer has been modified by drier and cooler air that descends in convective downdrafts.The highest official wind speeds observed on Bermuda occurred late on 18 September.On the southwestern end of the island at Pearl Island, a 1-min sustained wind of 87 kt and a gustto 107 kt were measured at 2319 UTC 18 September. A 10-min average wind speed of 71 kt anda gust to 101 kt were measured on the northeastern end of the island at the L.F. WadeInternational Airport (TXKF) at 2328 UTC and by the AviMet-12 weather sensor located near thewest end of the runway at 2331 UTC, respectively. At the Bermuda Maritime Operations Centre(MAROPS) located on the north end of the island, a 1-min sustained wind of 94 kt and a gust of125 kt were measured at an elevation of 290 ft (88 m) at 2324 UTC. Reducing that sustained windto a standard 10-m elevation yields an equivalent 1-min wind speed of approximately 78 kt.There was an unofficial report of a 1-min sustained wind of 97 kt and a gust to 145 ktobserved by a private anemometer located on the roof of the Commissioner’s House atCommissioner’s Point (Fig. 12, left panel) at an elevation of 115 ft ASL (35 m). However, there issome uncertainty in the validity of this wind report due to the anemometer being located close tothe top of the building with a hipped-roof, which could cause winds flowing over the structure tobe accelerated by the Bernoulli Effect. Assuming that the wind data are valid, the 97-kt wind speedwould reduce to 89 kt at 10-m elevation.The Crescent Marine Navigation Aid (NAVAID) located offshore along the reef line about8 n mi northwest of Bermuda, measured a 10-min average wind speed of 82 kt and a gust to 113kt at an elevation of 6 m ASL at 2313 UTC (Fig. 12, right panel). Increasing the wind speed toabout 87 kt for a 10-m height (using a logarithmic vertical wind profile), and then adjusting thatvalue to a 1-min wind speed for an open marine exposure yields an equivalent wind speed ofapproximately 96 kt.The lowest reliable pressures on Bermuda occurred on the north end of the island at theairport when Humberto made its closest approach. A pressure of 978.8 mb was measured at 2321UTC 18 September by the AviMet-12 weather sensor, while a pressure of 979.3 mb was observedat the same time by the Bermuda (TXKF) airport official weather observing system (Table 4). Hurricane Humberto 6Storm Surge2 Storm surge values along the east coast of Florida (Table 4) were generally around 1.0 to1.5 ft, resulting in saltwater inundation levels of around 1 ft. On Bermuda, storm surge valueswere around 3 ft, mainly on the west-facing beaches.Rainfall and FloodingRainfall amounts on Bermuda were relatively light compared to most tropical cyclones. Astorm total rainfall of 1.57 inches was measured at the L.F. Wade International Airport (TXKF) on18–19 September. Rainfall amounts across the central and northwestern Bahamas, and the eastcoast of Florida, were less than one inch.CASUALTY AND DAMAGE STATISTICSHurricane Humberto was responsible for two direct deaths3 in the United States. A 22-year old man disappeared after going for a swim in the ocean off St. Augustine Beach, Florida,on 15 September. According to St. Johns County Fire-Rescue, the young man was last seen inthe water about 4 p.m. EDT that day, and was presumed to have drowned. The rough surf andstrong rip currents also resulted in 21 water rescues along the St. Johns County coast during theweekend of 14–15 September, with three people requiring hospitalization. Farther north along theU.S. coast on 18 September, a 62-year old man drowned in Humberto-induced rip currents atTopsail Beach, North Carolina.Humberto caused widespread damage and power outages on Bermuda. Powerful windgusts exceeding 100 kt across all of the island knocked down trees and power lines. Around28,000 customers, or more than 80% of the island’s subscribers, were without power at somepoint during the storm, which included a prolonged communications outage between the BermudaWeather Service and its Doppler weather radar system. The Bermuda Emergency Managementoffice reported that Humberto’s effects caused three structural fires and briefly forced the closure2 Several terms are used to describe water levels due to a storm. Storm surge is defined as the abnormalrise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide, and is expressed interms of height above normal tide levels. Because storm surge represents the deviation from normal waterlevels, it is not referenced to a vertical datum. Storm tide is defined as the water level due to thecombination of storm surge and the astronomical tide, and is expressed in terms of height above a verticaldatum, i.e. the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) or Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW).Inundation is the total water level that occurs on normally dry ground as a result of the storm tide, and isexpressed in terms of height above ground level. At the coast, normally dry land is roughly defined as areashigher than the normal high tide line, or Mean Higher High Water (MHHW).3 Deaths occurring as a direct result of the forces of the tropical cyclone are referred to as “direct” deaths.These would include those persons who drowned in storm surge, rough seas, rip currents, and freshwaterfloods. Direct deaths also include casualties resulting from lightning and wind-related events (e.g.,collapsing structures). Deaths occurring from such factors as heart attacks, house fires, electrocutions fromdowned power lines, vehicle accidents on wet roads, etc., are considered indirect” deaths.Hurricane Humberto 7of “The Causeway”, a road that connects the L.F. Wade International Airport in northern Bermudato the population centers in southern Bermuda, due to possible structural integrity issues.Information obtained from the Aon Re-Insurance Company’s (Aon.com) 2019 AnnualSummary indicate that damage losses on Bermuda caused by Hurricane Dorian, includingdamage to the new airport, exceed $25 million (USD).FORECAST AND WARNING CRITIQUEThe genesis of Humberto was adequately forecast. The wave from which Humbertodeveloped was first introduced in the Tropical Weather Outlook 198 h prior to genesis with a lowprobability of formation (<40%) in both the 48- and 120-h forecast periods (Table 2). However,the disturbance was dropped from the 48-h forecast period (hours shown in parentheses in Table2) when it became apparent that strong vertical wind shear was going to prevent genesis fromoccurring in the short term. The system was re-introduced into the 48-h period with a lowprobability of genesis 72 h before Humberto formed. The genesis probabilities for the disturbancewere increased to the medium category (40–60%) 48 h and 66 h before genesis for the 48- and120-h forecast periods, respectively. The genesis forecasts reached the high category (>60%)30 h and 42 h before genesis occurred for the 48- and 120-h forecast periods, respectively.A verification of NHC official track forecasts for Humberto is given in Table 5a. Officialforecast track errors (OFCL) were lower than the mean official errors for the previous 5-yr period,especially at 96 and 120 h where OFCL errors were about 45% and 30% better than average,respectively. Prior to Humberto being declared a tropical cyclone, Potential Tropical Cyclone(PTC) advisories were issued from 2100 UTC 12 September until 1800 UTC 13 September inanticipation of the disturbance producing tropical-storm-force winds across the northwesternBahamas and the Florida east coast. The OFCL forecasts were poor during the PTC stage, withthe first few advisories predicting landfall in the central and northwestern Bahamas and along theeast coast of the Florida peninsula (Fig. 13). However, moderate southwesterly vertical windshear (Fig. 4) during the PTC stage kept most of the deep convection displaced into thenortheastern portion of the circulation, resulting in the LLCC redeveloping to the east of theforecast tracks. Since the early OFCL forecasts were anticipating landfall, which would causeHumberto to weaken and become a shallow cyclone, they did not expect the storm to movethrough a weakness in the subtropical ridge situated off the southeastern coast of the UnitedStates. However, once Humberto became a tropical cyclone, track forecasts improvedsignificantly, including accurately predicting the pronounced decrease in forward speed and sharpturn toward the northeast when Humberto moved through a break in the ridge axis by early 16September. As a result, cross-track errors were small and no NHC forecasts took the center ofthe hurricane across Bermuda.A homogeneous comparison of the official track errors with selected guidance models isgiven in Table 5b. NHC official track forecasts outperformed all of the guidance models at 96 h,and were bested only slightly by the dynamical models EGRI (UKMET) and HMNI (HMON) atother time periods. The consensus models HCCA, FSSE (Florida State Superensemble), TVCA,TVCX, and TVDG had slightly lower track errors compared to OFCL at 12–48 h, but they were Hurricane Humberto 8significantly lower, by nearly 50%, at 120 h. The EMXI (ECMWF) had uncharacteristically largeerrors at all times, especially at the 72-, 96-, and 120-h periods, which were primarily due to alongtrack errors caused by a positive (fast) forward speed bias.A verification of NHC official intensity forecasts for Humberto is given in Table 6a. Officialforecast intensity errors were lower than the mean official errors for the previous 5-yr period in12–72 h and were greater than the mean errors at the 96- and 120-h periods. The larger-thanaverage errors at days 4 and 5 were due to a negative (low) intensity bias preceding Humberto’speak intensity, as forecasts did not anticipate Humberto’s continued strengthening in the face ofextremely hostile vertical wind shear conditions (Fig. 4) when the hurricane approached Bermuda.A positive (high) intensity bias later occurred due to forecasts not capturing the rapid weakeningtrend after Humberto peaked in intensity while passing to the northeast of Bermuda (Fig. 14).A homogeneous comparison of the official intensity errors with selected guidance modelsis given in Table 6b. NHC official intensity errors were lower than all of the dynamical models atall times, except for the EGRI and HWFI models, which bested OFCL at 12, 72, 96, and 120 h.The corrected-consensus models HCCA and FSSE were equal to or better than OFCL at all times.The global and regional models performed quite well by forecasting continued deepening ofHumberto, likely in response to strong baroclinic forcing when the hurricane was expected toencounter very unfavorable vertical wind shear conditions. However, the deepening process didnot equate to an increase in the eyewall pressure gradient and resultant increase in Humberto’sintensity, owing to the models’ baroclinic-induced pressure falls occurring over a relatively largearea both inside and outside the hurricane’s eye.Watches and warnings associated with Humberto are given in Table 7.A Tropical Storm Warning was issued for the northwestern Bahamas on the first PTCadvisory (2100 UTC 12 September) and a Tropical Storm Watch was issued for portions of theFlorida east coast on the second PTC advisory (0300 UTC 13 September). Due to Humberto’sactual path keeping the cyclone east of rather than through the Bahamas, the Tropical StormWarning for the northwestern Bahamas did not verify. Similarly, the Tropical Storm Watch for theFlorida east coast did not verify even though sustained winds of 32 kt along with wind gusts to 35kt (Table 4) occurred approximately 20 h after the Watch was issued.For Bermuda, the Tropical Storm Watch, Tropical Storm Warning, Hurricane Watch, andHurricane Warning were issued with lead times of approximately 48 h, 32 h, 32 h, and 26 h,respectively, before the arrival of tropical-storm-force winds on the island.Hurricane Humberto 9ReferencesBjerknes, J., 1951: Extratropical cyclones. Compendium of Meteorology, T.F. Malone, Ed., Amer.Meteor. Soc., 577–598.Browning, K.A., 2004: The sting at the end of the tail: Damaging winds associated withextratropical cyclones. Part B. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 130, No.597, 375–398.Hart, N.C.G., S.L. Gray, and P.A. Clark, 2017: Sting-jet windstorms over the North Atlantic:Climatology and contribution to extreme wind risk. J. Climate, 30, 5455–5471.AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks to Senior Hurricane Specialist John Cangialosi for the Humberto ‘besttrack’ map and to the Bermuda Weather Service for the surface observation and radar data fromBermuda. Data from the National Data Buoy Center in Table 3 and Tables 4. Data compiled fromPost-Tropical Cyclone Reports issued by the NWS Forecast Offices (WFO) in Miami andMelbourne, Florida, and the Bahamas Weather Service were also included in this report.Hurricane Humberto 10Table 1. Best track for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC)Latitude(°N)Longitude(°W)Pressure(mb)WindSpeed (kt) Stage12 / 1200 23.0 74.2 1010 25 low12 / 1800 23.4 74.3 1010 25 "13 / 0000 23.8 74.3 1009 25 "13 / 0600 24.2 74.4 1009 25 "13 / 1200 24.7 74.5 1008 30 "13 / 1800 25.2 74.7 1008 30 tropical depression14 / 0000 25.6 75.2 1007 35 tropical storm14 / 0600 26.0 75.9 1006 35 "14 / 1200 26.5 76.5 1004 40 "14 / 1800 27.0 77.0 1003 45 "15 / 0000 27.5 77.3 998 50 "15 / 0600 28.0 77.6 997 50 "15 / 1200 28.6 77.9 995 55 "15 / 1800 29.1 78.1 993 60 "16 / 0000 29.2 77.8 987 65 hurricane16 / 0600 29.5 77.3 982 70 "16 / 1200 29.8 76.7 979 75 "16 / 1800 30.1 76.1 975 75 "17 / 0000 30.3 75.4 966 80 "17 / 0600 30.5 74.7 964 85 "17 / 1200 30.7 73.8 961 90 "17 / 1800 30.9 72.9 956 95 "18 / 0000 31.2 71.6 952 100 "18 / 0600 31.5 70.3 951 105 "18 / 1200 32.0 68.8 951 105 "18 / 1800 32.5 67.2 950 110 "19 / 0000 33.2 65.0 950 110 "19 / 0300 33.8 64.0 950 110 "19 / 0600 34.5 62.9 951 105 "19 / 1200 36.0 60.8 955 95 "19 / 1800 37.7 59.3 961 80 "20 / 0000 39.1 58.5 967 70 extratropical20 / 0600 40.4 58.0 972 60 "20 / 1200 41.5 57.5 977 50 "20 / 1800 dissipated18 / 1800 32.5 67.2 950 110 minimum pressure andmaximum intensityHurricane Humberto 11Table 2. Number of hours in advance of formation associated with the first NHC TropicalWeather Outlook forecast in the indicated likelihood category. Note that the timingsfor the “Low” category do not include forecasts of a 0% chance of genesis. Hoursin parentheses ( ) indicates lead time system was first mentioned in the outlookbefore being removed and then re-entered.Hours Before Genesis48-Hour Outlook 120-Hour OutlookLow (<40%) (198) 72 198Medium (40%-60%) 48 66High (>60%) 30 42Hurricane Humberto 12Table 3. Selected ship and buoy reports during the PTC, tropical, and extratropical stageswith winds of at least 34 kt, except for significant observations, for HurricaneHumberto during the period 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC)Ship callsignLatitude(°N)Longitude(°W)Winddir/speed (kt)Pressure(mb)13 / 0300 3FOC5 26.8 79.4 050 / 37 1013.713 / 0900 3FZO8 24.4 74.3 040 / 35 1011.413 / 1500 H3VU 26.8 79.1 070 / 35 1018.013 / 2200 C6FV9 28.0 80.2 050 / 37 1014.313 / 2300 HPYE 27.9 80.0 050 / 40 1014.214 / 0100 3FZO8 26.3 78.9 050 / 40 1015.614 / 0100 C6FV9 27.4 79.7 050 / 37 1013.914 / 0300 HPYE 27.1 79.3 050 / 37 1014.114 / 0800 HPYE 26.0 78.3 020 / 45 1011.014 / 2200 H3GR 30.1 81.0 050 / 35 1016.815 / 0000 H3GR 29.8 80.7 050 / 35 1015.815 / 0200 3FZO8 28.7 78.5 050 / 35 1014.915 / 0300 3FZO8 28.8 78.2 050 / 35 1013.815 / 0400 VRNY4 27.9 74.2 130 / 35 1014.015 / 0500 3FZO8 28.9 77.5 090 / 43 1012.915 / 0600 3FZO8 29.0 77.2 100 / 40 1013.015 / 1200 3FZO8 29.4 75.7 130 / 45G56 1015.215 / 1340 Buoy 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1003.415 / 1350 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 35 1003.115 / 1400 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1002.215 / 1410 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43G50 1001.815 / 1420 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43G52 1001.615 / 1430 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43 1001.415 / 1440 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 44 1000.9Hurricane Humberto 1315 / 1450 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 45G55 1000.815 / 1500 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 41G56 1000.815 / 1510 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1000.915 / 1520 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 35 1001.115 / 1920 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 35 998.715 / 1930 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.515 / 1940 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 39 998.415 / 1950 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.515 / 2000 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 998.115 / 2010 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 39 998.615 / 2020 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.815 / 2030 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 998.615 / 2040 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 999.015 / 2050 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 35 999.315 / 2100 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 35 999.115 / 2110 41010 28.9 78.5 290 / 37 998.415 / 2120 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 39 998.215 / 2130 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 39 998.715 / 2140 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 999.015 / 2150 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 37 999.215 / 2200 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 999.515 / 2320 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 1001.415 / 2330 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 1001.516 / 0200 3FFL8 25.9 78.0 180 / 38 1013.916 / 0200 3FOC5 27.4 79.3 280 / 35 1011.416 / 0400 C6FM8 25.6 76.1 220 / 35 1011.016 / 2100 WDD612 30.6 79.6 010 / 35 1011.517 / 0150 Buoy 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.317 / 0240 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.2Hurricane Humberto 1417 / 0250 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.317 / 0350 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.217 / 0450 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1005.517 / 0610 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.617 / 0620 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1003.317 / 0630 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.417 / 0640 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.317 / 0650 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1003.117 / 0700 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.917 / 0710 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 39 1002.717 / 0720 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1002.817 / 0730 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.817 / 0740 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.317 / 0750 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1002.517 / 0800 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.017 / 0810 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G50 1001.917 / 0820 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.117 / 0828 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 4717 / 0830 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 41G52 1002.217 / 0840 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37G50 1002.217 / 0850 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 41G51 1002.117 / 0900 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.817 / 0910 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 39 1001.917 / 0920 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1001.917 / 0930 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.017 / 0940 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 39G52 1001.717 / 0950 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G51 1001.717 / 1000 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39G50 1001.617 / 1010 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.6Hurricane Humberto 1517 / 1020 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.717 / 1030 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1001.617 / 1040 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.617 / 1050 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G51 1001.617 / 1100 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.717 / 1110 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.217 / 1120 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.317 / 1130 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.117 / 1140 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.317 / 1150 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 37 1002.617 / 1200 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.217 / 1210 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.617 / 1220 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.817 / 1230 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.917 / 1240 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.617 / 1300 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.117 / 1320 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.317 / 1330 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.317 / 1350 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.817 / 1400 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1003.618 / 0230 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 35 995.118 / 0300 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 35 993.518 / 0310 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 993.518 / 0320 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 39 993.518 / 0330 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 35 993.018 / 0340 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 35 992.718 / 0410 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 990.218 / 0420 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 39 990.418 / 0430 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 41 989.7Hurricane Humberto 1618 / 0440 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 989.118 / 0450 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 39 988.718 / 0500 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 41 987.718 / 0510 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 41 987.418 / 0520 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 45 986.118 / 0530 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 45 984.718 / 0540 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 47 983.918 / 0550 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 47G64 982.918 / 0600 V7A207 35.4 68.0 070 / 40 1008.518 / 0600 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 49G65 981.418 / 0610 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 49G66 979.818 / 0620 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 51G68 978.318 / 0630 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G70 976.618 / 0640 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 52G73 975.318 / 0650 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 51G65 973.918 / 0700 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 52G71 972.618 / 0710 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G72 971.218 / 0717 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6118 / 0720 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G73 969.218 / 0724 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6618 / 0730 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 56G74 967.118 / 0735 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 0740 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G75 964.418 / 0743 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 0748 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 0750 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G77 963.218 / 0754 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6518 / 0800 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G75 962.318 / 0802 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 61Hurricane Humberto 1718 / 0810 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 56G75 961.018 / 0820 41048 31.8 69.6 100 / 54G73 960.118 / 0830 41048 31.8 69.6 090 / 52G70 959.018 / 0840 41048 31.8 69.6 090 / 49G68 957.618 / 0850 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 47G60 955.918 / 0900 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 41G56 955.618 / 0910 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 39G55 955.018 / 0920 41048 31.8 69.6 070 / 32G47 954.518 / 0930 41048 31.8 69.6 060 / 27G38 954.218 / 0940 41048 31.8 69.6 060 / 30G40 955.218 / 0948 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 2918 / 0950 41048 31.8 69.6 040 / 24G36 955.818 / 1000 41048 31.8 69.6 030 / 37G54 957.118 / 1010 41048 31.8 69.6 010 / 49G78 956.318 / 1020 41048 31.8 69.6 010 / 52G73 959.018 / 1027 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6118 / 1030 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 58G76 961.118 / 1034 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6518 / 1040 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 60G81 963.418 / 1046 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 1050 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 60G80 967.418 / 1100 C6SE3 36.2 71.9 020 / 37 1017.018 / 1100 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 54G75 969.518 / 1101 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6018 / 1110 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 54G72 971.218 / 1120 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 57G76 973.018 / 1129 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6618 / 1130 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 59G77 974.518 / 1134 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 62Hurricane Humberto 1818 / 1140 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 58G75 976.418 / 1150 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 56G74 978.018 / 1154 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6318 / 1200 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 57G74 979.818 / 1209 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 1210 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 58G75 980.718 / 1215 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 1220 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 56G74 982.818 / 1230 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 56G73 984.518 / 1240 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 54G70 986.118 / 1250 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 54G70 987.318 / 1300 3FZO8 27.3 63.3 190 / 35 1012.818 / 1300 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 52G67 988.118 / 1310 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 52G65 989.418 / 1320 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 49G60 990.018 / 1330 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 47 990.418 / 1340 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 990.818 / 1350 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 47 991.218 / 1400 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 991.918 / 1410 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 43 992.318 / 1420 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 992.818 / 1430 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 993.518 / 1440 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 993.618 / 1442 Buoy 41047 27.5 71.5 *** / 3518 / 1450 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 994.018 / 1500 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 994.418 / 1510 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 994.918 / 1520 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 995.618 / 1530 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 996.1Hurricane Humberto 1918 / 1540 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 37 996.718 / 1550 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 39 997.018 / 1600 3FZO8 26.8 64.1 190 / 35 1012.518 / 1600 V7WS4 32.8 74.5 030 / 38 1019.418 / 1600 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 41 997.718 / 1610 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 41 998.018 / 1620 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 39 998.618 / 1630 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 41 998.718 / 1640 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 999.218 / 1650 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 37 999.618 / 1700 3FZO8 26.6 64.3 190 / 35 1012.018 / 1700 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 999.718 / 1710 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 41 999.618 / 1720 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 999.818 / 1730 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.218 / 1740 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.218 / 1750 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1000.318 / 1800 VRSK6 36.0 73.7 350 / 37 1014.018 / 1800 V7A207 37.3 70.3 040 / 50 1011.518 / 1800 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1000.618 / 1810 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.918 / 1820 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1001.218 / 1830 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1001.318 / 1840 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1001.519 / 0400 KABP 40.1 62.4 050 / 35 1016.519 / 0500 KABP 40.0 63.0 040 / 40 1016.319 / 0600 KABP 40.0 63.4 040 / 40 1015.319 / 0900 DCPI2 39.3 56.0 090 / 3719 / 1200 DCPI2 39.5 54.8 070 / 40 1011.4Hurricane Humberto 2019 / 1500 DCPI2 39.7 53.5 090 / 40 1010.419 / 1800 DCPI2 39.9 52.3 080 / 36 1013.320 / 1200 9VKQ2 38.9 50.2 060 / 38 1019.020 / 1800 44139 44.2 57.1 050 / 35 1002.0*** = wind direction not availableG = wind gustBuoy averaging periods are 10 minutes; 1-minute average wind denoted by no wind direction (***).Buoys 41010 and 41048 anemometer height = 4.1 m above sea levelBuoy 41002 anemometer height = 3.8 m above sea levelHurricane Humberto 21Table 4. Selected surface observations for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)BermudaInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesL.F. Wade IAP (TXKF)(32.36N 64.68W – elev. 59 ft) 18/1955 990.9 18/1955 3410 m/10 min 4818/2019 989.8 18/2019 3710 m/10 min 5618/2055 989.2 18/2055 3510 m/10 min 5418/2142 985.1 18/2142 4510 m/10 min 6218/2155 985.0 18/2155 4610 m/10 min 6418/2220 984.1 18/2220 4810 m/10 min 7118/2255 982.1 18/2255 5810 m/10 min 7518/2309 982.0 18/2309 5010 m/10 min 7218/2321 979.318/2328 980.0 18/2328 7110 m/10 min 9718/2331 980.0 18/2331 7010 m/10 min 10118/2355 981.0 18/2355 6310 m/10 min 9519/0012 986.1 19/0012 5310 m/10 min 7519/0058 990.9 19/0058 4410 m/10 min 6419/0155 994.9 19/0155 4010 m/10 min 53 1.57AWOSAirport AviMet-1232.366N 64.696W 18/2321 978.8 18/2330 7110 m/10 min 10118/2331 7110 m/10 min 10118/2332 7010 m/10 min 10118/2327 7010 m/10 min 97Airport AviMet-3032.361N 64.666W 18/2335 981.3 18/2331 100Hurricane Humberto 22LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)18/2333 6910 m/10 min 10018/2337 7110 m/10 min 8618/2339 7110 m/10 min 89Crescent (offshore)Marine NAVAID32.42N 64.82W18/2313 826 m/10 min 10118/2316 806 m/10 min 10218/2300 796 m/10 min 11318/2319 796 m/10 min 9818/2303 786 m/10 min 9718/2308 786 m/10 min 9718/2309 786 m/10 min 10018/2355 786 m/10 min 10318/2248 776 m/10 min 10518/2307 776 m/10 min 9318/2320 776 m/10 min 9618/2331 766 m/10 min 10118/2315 756 m/10 min 10118/2254 746 m/10 min 10118/2322 746 m/10 min 10818/2337 736 m/10 min 10318/2311 731m/10 min 10218/2343 706 m/10 min 106ESSO Pier, St. Georges Is.32.37N 64.70W 18/2324 980.2 18/2242 734 m/2 min 3.018/2154 724 m/2 min18/2212 7046 m/2 minHurricane Humberto 23LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)Heliport f32.36N 64.70W 18/2019 5310 m/1 min 6818/2022 5210 m/1 min 7718/2016 5210 m/1 min 6318/2018 5210 m/1 min 7518/2023 5110 m/1 min 74Maritime OperationsCentre (MAROPS)32.38N 64.68W (elev. 290 ft)18/2352 980.0 18/2324 94/1 min 12518/2327 11818/2330 11718/2326 11618/2358 11618/2332 11518/2347 11518/2355 11518/2350 114Pearl Island (near shore)32.29N 64.84W 18/2319 8710 m/1 min 10718/2322 8510 m/1 min 9518/2316 8410 m/1 min 9818/2310 8310 m/1 min 9418/2321 8110 m/1 min 10718/2317 7310 m/1 min 10518/2319 8710 m/1 min 10218/2320 7810 m/1 min 10218/2328 8010 m/1 min 9918/2316 8410 m/1 min 98Hurricane Humberto 24LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)UnofficialCommissioner’s House,National Museum ofBermuda, DockyardWindGuru.cz elev. 115 ft(32.33N 64.83W)18/2322 97/1 min 14518/2318 97/1 min 14518/2320 97/1 min18/2330 97/1 minBahamasInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesGrand Bahama IAP (MYGF)(26.56N 78.70W – elev. 10 ft) 14/2100 1010.8 13/1816 2510 m/10 minCoastal-MarineAutomated Network(C-MAN) SitesSettlement Point GBI(SPGF1) 26.70N 79.00W 15/0800 1010.7 13/2350 247 m/2 min 32FloridaInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesDaytona Beach IAP(KDAB) 29.18N 81.06W 15/1955 1011.8 15/0351 2510 m/2 min 32Mayport Naval Base(KNRB) 30.39N 81.42W 16/0752 1013.2 15/1150 2410 m/2 min 30National Ocean Service(NOS) SitesBlount Island Command(BLIF1) 30.39N 81.52W 16/2248 1014.9 15/1524 209 m/6 min 33Dames Point(DMSF1) 30.40N 81.43W 16/2248 1014.9 1.02 2.45 1.1Fernandina Beach(FRDF1) 30.67N 81.47W 16/2218 1014.3 15/2030 157 m/6 min 24 1.76 3.47 0.7Hurricane Humberto 25LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)Lake Worth Pier(LWKF1) 26.61N 80.03W 15/2100 1012.3 13/2306 286 m/6 min 35 1.28 1.58 1.0Mayport (Bar Pilots Dock)(MYPF1) 30.40N 81.43W 16/2236 1014.2 15/1200 256 m/6 min 32 1.34 2.93 1.0Southbank Riverwalk, St.Johns River(MSBF1) 30.32N 81.66W0.98 1.78 1.1South Port Everglades(PEGF1) 26.08N 80.12W 15/2042 1011.4 13/2224 326 m/6 min 35 0.87 1.52 1.0Trident Pier, Prt Canaveral(TRDF1) 28.41N 80.59W 15/2012 1012.6 14/1736 217 m/6 min 28 1.32 2.22 1.1Virginia Key, Biscayne Bay(VAKF1) 25.73N 80.16W 15/2100 1011.2 13/1936 2310 m/6 min 31 0.91 1.38 1.2a Date/time is for sustained wind when both sustained and gust are listed. b Except as noted, sustained wind averaging periods for C-MAN and land-based reports are 2 min. c Storm surge is water height above normal astronomical tide level. d For most locations, storm tide is water height above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). Stormtide is water height above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) for NOS stations in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands,and Barbados. e Estimated inundation is the maximum height of water above ground. For some USGS storm tide pressure sensors,inundation is estimated by subtracting the elevation of the sensor from the recorded storm tide. For other USGSstorm tide sensors and USGS high-water marks, inundation is estimated by subtracting the elevation of the landderived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the recorded and measured storm tide. For NOS tide gauges,the height of the water above Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) is used as a proxy for inundation. f Data not available after 2024 UTC 18 September 2019.Hurricane Humberto 26Table 5a. NHC official (OFCL) and climatology-persistence skill baseline (OCD5) trackforecast errors (n mi) for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Meanerrors for the previous 5-yr period are shown for comparison. Official errors thatare smaller than the 5-yr means are shown in boldface type.Forecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 17.5 29.2 44.6 58.8 93.2 75.5 122.8OCD5 36.3 79.3 132.4 190.6 287.9 359.5 424.9Forecasts 23 21 19 17 13 9 5OFCL (2014-18) 23.6 35.5 47.0 61.8 96.0 136.0 179.6OCD5 (2014-18) 44.8 97.6 157.4 220.1 340.7 446.6 536.6Hurricane Humberto 27Table 5b. Homogeneous comparison of selected track forecast guidance models (in n mi)for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Errors smaller than the NHCofficial forecast are shown in boldface type. The number of official forecasts shownhere will generally be smaller than that shown in Table 5a due to the homogeneityrequirement.Model IDForecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 15.5 21.7 38.9 50.6 92.7 82.1 150.0OCD5 29.2 52.8 96.9 153.0 295.9 393.0 522.4GFSI 16.6 30.6 49.7 77.0 143.8 136.4 191.9EMXI 17.6 30.6 54.6 80.2 170.3 264.2 328.8EGRI 11.7 18.4 30.1 37.4 63.5 86.0 182.0CMCI 18.8 36.0 66.8 101.5 210.9 275.8 200.3NVGI 26.6 40.6 63.9 90.4 228.9 436.1 613.6AEMI 17.5 28.7 45.7 69.0 140.4 158.2 344.6HWFI 25.1 41.1 61.5 83.0 126.2 139.4 335.8HMNI 17.3 23.1 35.8 45.5 77.9 140.8 260.9HCCA 13.8 19.3 31.8 44.1 98.3 129.1 127.1FSSE 13.0 15.4 30.5 41.5 87.9 113.5 163.1TVCA 14.7 20.5 34.6 51.5 96.3 84.0 79.4TVCX 14.4 19.8 35.0 49.7 98.8 88.6 68.9TVDG 13.5 17.6 32.7 45.9 90.3 83.0 57.6GFEX 16.0 25.7 47.9 73.1 154.3 199.5 255.6TABD 19.4 20.7 40.6 73.6 189.1 462.7 911.8TABM 27.4 48.5 82.2 115.6 187.9 220.1 253.0TABS 47.7 111.0 191.1 276.9 437.6 670.1 1021.8Forecasts 10 10 10 10 9 6 3 Hurricane Humberto 28Table 6a. NHC official (OFCL) and climatology-persistence skill baseline (OCD5) intensityforecast errors (kt) for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Mean errorsfor the previous 5-yr period are shown for comparison. Official errors that aresmaller than the 5-yr means are shown in boldface type.Forecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 5.2 6.2 5.3 8.5 10.8 17.2 21.0OCD5 8.1 12.1 15.7 19.9 29.2 41.0 40.0Forecasts 23 21 19 17 13 9 5OFCL (2014-18) 5.3 7.9 9.9 11.2 13.3 14.4 14.2OCD5 (2014-18) 6.9 10.9 14.3 17.4 20.9 22.0 22.8Hurricane Humberto 29Table 6b. Homogeneous comparison of selected intensity forecast guidance models (in kt)for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Errors smaller than the NHCofficial forecast are shown in boldface type. The number of official forecasts shownhere will generally be smaller than that shown in Table 6a due to the homogeneityrequirement.Model IDForecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 4.0 3.5 4.0 9.0 10.6 15.8 11.7OCD5 4.9 9.7 15.2 20.6 28.9 40.0 34.0GFSI 3.4 5.7 9.2 12.1 15.9 22.0 11.7EMXI 4.9 10.4 19.8 27.5 33.4 37.3 25.0EGRI 3.5 6.0 8.8 9.3 9.2 6.8 7.0CMCI 6.0 9.8 14.2 15.3 22.0 22.0 11.0NVGI 6.3 9.8 16.2 19.4 31.0 34.3 21.0AEMI 9.1 14.6 19.9 23.1 29.8 33.5 29.7HMNI 6.0 9.8 14.6 16.1 17.7 16.5 16.0HWFI 3.2 4.1 7.2 8.6 7.6 7.3 14.3HCCA 3.2 3.3 4.7 6.3 10.9 13.8 6.7FSSE 3.2 3.5 4.8 6.9 5.8 7.8 7.0DSHP 4.1 7.1 12.4 15.7 18.1 23.3 12.7LGEM 4.4 5.9 9.2 12.3 18.6 26.0 18.0ICON 3.8 5.6 9.3 11.9 13.2 18.0 15.3IVCN 3.6 4.9 9.0 12.2 14.1 18.2 13.3IVDR 3.3 5.0 9.1 11.6 14.2 16.8 12.3Forecasts 10 10 10 10 9 6 3 Hurricane Humberto 30Table 7. Watch and warning summary for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC) Action Location12 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning issued Northwestern Bahamas13 / 0300 Tropical Storm Watch issuedJupiter Inlet to Volusia/BrevardCounty Line, Florida13 / 0900 Tropical Storm Watch modified toJupiter Inlet to Volusia/BrevardCounty Line, Florida14 / 0300 Tropical Storm Watch discontinued All14 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning discontinued All16 / 2100 Tropical Storm Watch issued Bermuda17 / 1200 Tropical Storm Watch changed toTropical Storm Warning Bermuda17 / 1500 Hurricane Watch issued Bermuda17 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning changed toHurricane Warning Bermuda17 / 2100 Hurricane Watch discontinued Bermuda19 / 0300 Hurricane Warning changed to TropicalStorm Warning Bermuda19 / 0600 Tropical Storm Warning discontinued BermudaHurricane Humberto 31Figure 1. Best track positions for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. The track during the extratropical stage is partially basedon analyses from the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center.Hurricane Humberto 32Figure 2. Selected wind observations and best track maximum sustained surface wind speed curve for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19September 2019. Aircraft observations have been adjusted for elevation using 90%, 83%, and 80% adjustment factors forobservations from 700 mb, 800 mb, and 850 mb, respectively. Dropwindsonde observations include actual 10-m winds (sfc),as well as surface estimates derived from the mean wind over the lowest 150 m of the wind sounding (LLM). Advanced DvorakTechnique estimates represent the Current Intensity at the nominal observation time. SATCON intensity estimates are from theCooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. Dashed vertical lines correspond to 0000 UTC. Hurricane Humberto 33Figure 3. Selected pressure observations and best track minimum central pressure curve for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19 September2019. Advanced Dvorak Technique estimates represent the Current Intensity at the nominal observation time. SATCONintensity estimates are from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. KZC P-W refers to pressure estimatesderived using the Knaff-Zehr-Courtney pressure-wind relationship. Dashed vertical lines correspond to 0000 UTC. Hurricane Humberto 34Figure 4. Time series of Hurricane Humberto’s actual intensity versus GFS-based SHIPS model analyzed environmental parameters:850−200-mb vertical wind shear (G-SHEAR - kt), sea-surface temperature (SST - °C), upper-ocean heat content (UOHC –kJ cm-2), and 700−500-mb average relative humidity (MDLVLRH - %). Direction of vertical wind shear vectors (black dashedarrows) is relative to true north, with north being at the top of the page. Time period covered is from 1200 UTC 30 August to1200 UTC 15 September 2018, which includes Humberto’s Potential Tropical Cyclone stage (red shading). For comparison,the ECMWF-based SHIPS model vertical wind shear values (E-SHEAR - kt) have been included (pink-dashed line). Hurricane Humberto 35Figure 5. Time series plot of Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft flight-level wind speed (kt), SFMR-derived surface wind speed(kt), and SFMR-derived rain rate (mm/h) data collected from 0218-0258 UTC 19 September 2019 while traversing Humberto’seye and eyewall from north to south. A maximum flight-level wind speed of 121 kt and a peak SFMR-derived wind speed of113 kt were sampled at 0248 UTC in the remnant southern eyewall.Hurricane Humberto 36Figure 6. Vertical wind profile (a) and temperature-dewpoint profile (b) from a dropsonde released in the southern eyewall of HurricaneHumberto at 0249 UTC 19 September 2019. Solid red line indicates wind speed and red arrows indicate wind direction relativeto true north (top of page); solid blue line is the ambient temperature and dashed green line is the dewpoint temperature. WL150and MBL are computed from the mean wind speed (kt) in lowest 150 m and lowest 500 m of the dropsonde, respectively. Hurricane Humberto 37Figure 7. Time series plot of surface pressure data (mb) between 0000 UTC and 1800 UTC 18 September 2019 from NOAA Buoy 40148,located 240 n mi west of Bermuda. The center of Hurricane Humberto passed approximately 6 n mi southeast of the buoyaround 0930 UTC 18 September, when a minimum pressure of 954.2 mb was measured. Hurricane Humberto 38Figure 8. Bermuda Weather Service Doppler weather radar reflectivity images (0.5°elevation) at 2249 UTC 18 September (left panel)and 0409 UTC 19 September 2019 (right panel); images are the last and first radar data, respectively, surrounding a prolongedcommunications outage on the island caused by Hurricane Humberto. The splash location of a 0247 UTC 19 Septemberdropsonde is indicated by the red circled-X. An Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft flew through the same location andmeasured moderate rain rates, an indication that the dropsonde passed through the eroding remnant southern eyewall.Hurricane Humberto 39Figure 9. GFS model analysis of the 200-mb height field (dm) at 1800 UTC 18 September 2019; Purple-dashed arrow indicates axis ofmaximum jetstream wind speeds and blue-shaded area depicts region of wind speeds >50 kt (left panel); cross-sectionalschematic diagram (oriented NW-SE through Humberto) illustrating the associated transverse circulation as Humbertoapproached the right-rear jetstream entrance region (right panel).Hurricane Humberto 40Figure 10. GFS model analysis of the 200-mb height field (dm) at 0000 UTC 19 September 2019; Purple-dashed arrow indicates axis ofmaximum jetstream wind speeds and blue-shaded area depicts region of wind speeds >50 kt (left panel); cross-sectionalschematic diagram (oriented NW-SE through Humberto) illustrating the enhanced/increased transverse circulation due toHumberto’s intense warm core superimposed onto the right-rear jetstream entrance region (right panel). Enhancement of thelow-level westerly branch of the transverse circulation likely produced a ‘sting jet’ type wind phenomenon that helped to increaseHumberto’s maximum wind during the time the cyclone’s eyewall was eroding and weakening.Hurricane Humberto 41Figure 11. Time series plot of selected surface observation data from L.F. Wade International Airport, Bermuda (TXKF), during the 48-hperiod 1200 UTC 18 September to 1200 UTC September 2019 during the passage of the southern eyewall of HurricaneHumberto over the island. Note the occurrence of the peak winds (10-min average and gusts) coincident with a sharp drop inthe ambient temperature around 2230 UTC 18 September, indicative of cold downdrafts that are driven by strong evaporativecooling.Hurricane Humberto 42Figure 12. Commissioner’s Point, Bermuda, observation location viewing west (left panel). Anemometer equipment located on the top ofthe roof could have produced accelerated and unrepresentative wind speeds due to the Bernoulli Effect created by air flowingover the hipped-roof on the Commissioner’s House structure. Crescent Beacon NAVAID (right panel) located approximately 8n mi northwest of Bermuda.Hurricane Humberto 43Figure 13. Selected official track forecasts (solid and dashed blue lines, with 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h positions indicated),including the PTC stage, for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. The best track is given by the solid red line withpositions given at 6-h intervals. Hurricane Humberto 44Figure 14. Selected official intensity forecasts (kt, solid blue lines, in 24-h increments) for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19 September 2019.The best track intensity (kt) is denoted by the solid red line with hurricane symbols at 6-h intervals. Intensity forecasts from 1800UTC 12 September until 1200 UTC 13 September were during the PTC stage.
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yeeyeeslayer said:
Humberto is a subhuman name, the guy could look like Henry cavill but if his name is Humberto he will be incel forever
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looksmax.org

Which of the following hurricanes would you evacuate from, based on their name alone?

Inspired by a 2014 study by Kiju Jung et al, but I feel they didn't choose a wide range of names. Brutal blackpill for sandcels: The paper indeed looks silly to me, although there’s possibly something there. They report that the scariest-sounding names are, in order, Omar, Bertha, Cristobal...
looksmax.org looksmax.org
 
Xangsane said:
read this nigga, thoughts?
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Ian mogs out of the lot, but Humberto looks good tbf mid face longer than ideal but chad none the less
 
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Xangsane said:
NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTERTROPICAL CYCLONE REPORTHURRICANE HUMBERTO(AL092019)13–19 September 2019Stacy R. StewartNational Hurricane Center19 February 2020LAST BERMUDA RADAR REFLECTIVITY IMAGE AT 2249 UTC 18 SEPTEMBER 2019 WHEN HUMBERTO WAS MAKING ITSCLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH TO BERMUDA AS A MAJOR HURRICANE, JUST PRIOR TO A COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE.Humberto was a category 3 hurricane (on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale)that skirted the extreme eastern portions of the Bahamas before raking Bermuda withsustained hurricane-force winds for several hours that caused significant island-widedamage. The hurricane also produced large ocean swells and rip currents along thesoutheastern coast of the United States that resulted in two fatalities.Hurricane Humberto 2Hurricane Humberto13–19 SEPTEMBER 2019SYNOPTIC HISTORY A weak tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on 27 August, accompanied bylittle convection. The disturbance continued on a westward track across the deep tropical Atlanticfor the next several days before it began to interact with a mid- to upper-level trough a few hundredn mi east of the Lesser Antilles on 4 September. The westward motion of the northern portion ofthe wave was impeded by the southwesterly flow on the east side of the trough, which causedthe wave to fracture. By 6 September, the northern portion of the wave turned slowly toward thenorth-northwest while the southern portion of the wave continued to move quickly westwardtoward the southern Windward Islands.Little change to the northern wave’s structure occurred over the next few days whileassociated shower activity was minimal as the wave and the upper-level trough moved in tandemtoward the northwest. By 10 September, the disturbance was located just north of Hispaniola nearthe Turks and Caicos, moving slowly northwestward and parallel to the easternmost Bahamasarchipelago. Over the next 72 h, anticyclonic flow on the east side of the now negatively tiltedupper-level trough steadily increased, which aided in slow but steady development andorganization of deep convection along and east of the wave axis. The associated thunderstormactivity pulsed during this time, with a distinct increase in convection noted during the nighttimeperiod, followed by weakening during the daylight hours. Convection persisted despite its pulsingnature, with scatterometer wind data indicating that a broad surface low pressure system hadformed near the southeastern Bahamas by 1200 UTC 12 September. By early on 13 September,thunderstorms had organized into a narrow curved band in the northeastern quadrant of thesystem, and nearby ship and surface observations from the Bahamas indicated that the low-levelcirculation center (LLCC) had also become better-defined. Based on these data, it is estimatedthat a tropical depression formed by 1800 UTC that day about 75 n mi east of the centralBahamian island of Eleuthera. The cyclone strengthened into a tropical storm just 6 h later. The“best track” chart of the tropical cyclone’s path is given in Fig. 1, with the wind and pressurehistories shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The best track positions and intensities are listedin Table 11.Tropical Storm Humberto turned northwestward early on 14 September and maintainedthat motion for the next 48 h, accompanied by a slow forward speed of 3–7 kt due to the cyclonemoving through a narrow break in the Bermuda-Azores ridge. Despite moderate southwesterly towesterly 850–500-mb vertical wind shear (Fig. 4), slow-moving Humberto steadily strengthenedduring that time, attaining hurricane status by 0000 UTC 16 September when the cyclone briefly1 A digital record of the complete best track, including wind radii, can be found on line atftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf. Data for the current year’s storms are located in the btk directory, while previousyears’ data are located in the archive directory.Hurricane Humberto 3stalled about 150 n mi east-northeast of Cape Canaveral, Florida. The broad deep-layer troughlocated to the northwest of Humberto nudged the tropical cyclone east-northeastward at forwardspeeds of less than 10 kt for the next 48 h. During this time, the hurricane continued to steadilystrengthen despite strong vertical wind shear of near 30 kt and sharply decreasing mid-levelhumidity values (Fig. 4), with Humberto reaching major hurricane status by 0000 UTC 18September. Thereafter, only slight strengthening occurred through 0000 UTC 19 September whenHumberto passed about 55 n mi northwest of Bermuda with maximum sustained winds of 110 kt.Later that morning after passing to the north of Bermuda, Humberto began acceleratingnortheastward ahead of a broad trough and its associated cold front, with forward speedsincreasing from 15 kt to near 25 kt throughout the day. During this time, the hurricane also begana steady weakening trend due to increasing south-southwesterly vertical wind shear exceeding50 kt and entrainment of very dry mid-level air, despite the otherwise favorable sea-surfacetemperatures in excess of 27°C (Fig. 4).By early on 20 September, the hurricane finally succumbed to the strong vertical shearconditions and became devoid of any deep convection, causing Humberto to become anextratropical cyclone when it was located about 500 n mi south-southwest of Cape Race,Newfoundland. However, the expansive extratropical low continued to produce hurricane- andgale-force winds over a large area until the system merged with a larger extratropical low andfrontal system by 1800 UTC that day more than 300 n mi south-southwest of Cape Race.METEOROLOGICAL STATISTICS Observations in Humberto (Figs. 2 and 3) include subjective satellite-based Dvoraktechnique intensity estimates from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) and theSatellite Analysis Branch (SAB), objective Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT) estimates andSatellite Consensus (SATCON) estimates from the Cooperative Institute for MeteorologicalSatellite Studies/University of Wisconsin-Madison. Observations also include flight-level, steppedfrequency microwave radiometer (SFMR), and dropwindsonde observations from 10 flights by the53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of the U.S. Air Force Reserve Command and 4 flightsby the NOAA Aircraft Operations Center (AOC), including 3 Tail Doppler Radar (TDR) missions,which resulted in a total of 27 center fixes and 7 center fixes, respectively. Data and imagery fromNOAA polar-orbiting satellites including the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), theNASA Global Precipitation Mission (GPM), the European Space Agency’s AdvancedScatterometer (ASCAT), and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, amongothers, were also useful in constructing the best track of Humberto.Selected ship and buoy reports of tropical-storm-force winds, plus other pertinent marineobservations, associated with Humberto are given in Table 2. Selected land-based surfaceobservations are given in Table 3.Hurricane Humberto 4Winds and Pressure Humberto’s estimated maximum intensity of 110 kt between 1800 UTC 18 September and0300 UTC 19 September is based on an average of a reconnaissance aircraft 700-mb flight-levelwind of 121 kt (which equates to an equivalent surface wind speed of 109 kt), SFMR surface windspeeds of 110–113 kt (Fig. 5), dropwindsonde WL150- and MBL-surface equivalent wind speedestimates of 105 and 103 kt, respectively, and UW-CIMSS SATCON satellite intensity estimatesof 112–116 kt. The reconnaissance and dropwindsonde data were collected within a narrow bandof convection in the southern eyewall where SFMR rain rate estimates were 11–15 mm/h (0.43–0.59 in/h). The highest wind speed measured by a dropwindsonde during Humberto’s lifetimewas 138 kt at the 890-mb level at 0249 UTC 19 September (Fig. 6a). This dropwindsonde wasreleased and remained in Humberto’s remnant southern eyewall until the splash time of 0249UTC 19 September (Fig. 6a). The instrument traversed the convection from west to east basedon the positions of the release and splash points being aligned perfectly along a 270-degree (true)direction. Although the sonde measured a surface wind speed of 114 kt, that value is an‘instantaneous’ 2-second sample, which is more representative of a wind gust rather than a 1-minsustained wind.The estimated minimum central pressure of 950 mb from 1800 UTC 18 September to0300 UTC 19 September is based on aircraft dropwindsonde eye reports of pressures of951–952 mb, which were accompanied by surface wind speeds of 10–20 kt. This pressureestimate is consistent with earlier pressure values of 954–955 mb measured by NOAA Buoy40148, located about 240 n mi west of Bermuda, when the center of Hurricane Humberto passedapproximately 6 n mi southeast of the buoy. At 0930 UTC 18 September, a minimum pressurevalue of 954.2 mb was reported, along with a coincident wind speed of 27 kt (4 m ASL), whichindicates that the central pressure at that time was likely around 951 mb (Table 3; Fig. 7).It should be noted that the steady pressure of 950–951 mb from 1800 UTC to 0300 UTC(Fig. 3) suggests that Humberto’s peak tangential winds likely remained steady at around 105 ktbased on various pressure-wind relationship equations. Radar data from Bermuda (Fig. 8)indicate that the eyewall was eroding quickly after 1800 UTC 18 September, and that the peakwinds measured by reconnaissance aircraft and dropwindsonde at 0248 UTC 19 September likelyoccurred in a very narrow eyewall, which is not indicative of an intensifying tropical cyclone,especially one that is approaching category 4 intensity. The additional increase in intensity asmeasured by reconnaissance aircraft was likely due to baroclinic forcing that produced a low-leveljet that may have had some characteristics similar to a “sting jet” that occurs in association withsome deepening extratropical low pressure systems (Browning 2004; Hart et al. 2017).By 1800 UTC 18 September, Humberto had moved into the right-rear entrance region ofan upper-level jet stream wind maximum (Fig. 9, left panel), where an existing transversecirculation (i.e., combined vertical and horizontal circulations; Fig. 9, right panel) was present(Bjerknes 1951). The rapid warming of the air column on the equatorward (southeast) side of thejet stream induced by Humberto’s intense warm core would have resulted in a sharp increase inthe strength of both the jet stream and the transverse circulation (Fig. 10), causing an accelerationof the low-level winds. This enhanced wind phenomenon can be seen in a time series plot ofsurface observations from the Bermuda airport (Fig. 11) late on 18 September where a peak Hurricane Humberto 510-min average wind speed of 71 kt and a gust to 101 kt occurred in conjunction with a sharptemperature decrease of at least 7°C (12°F) between 2328–2331 UTC. The much cooler air waslikely caused by cold downdrafts created by rain evaporating into dry air that was entrained intoHumberto’s southern eyewall. This ‘sting jet’ phenomenon may have persisted for several morehours based on the ‘onion-shaped’ temperature-dewpoint vertical profile shown in the 0249 UTC19 September dropwindsonde data (Fig. 6b) where drier air is noted in the 950–850-mb layer.Typically, the surface temperature in tropical cyclones is warmer than the air aloft unless thesurface layer has been modified by drier and cooler air that descends in convective downdrafts.The highest official wind speeds observed on Bermuda occurred late on 18 September.On the southwestern end of the island at Pearl Island, a 1-min sustained wind of 87 kt and a gustto 107 kt were measured at 2319 UTC 18 September. A 10-min average wind speed of 71 kt anda gust to 101 kt were measured on the northeastern end of the island at the L.F. WadeInternational Airport (TXKF) at 2328 UTC and by the AviMet-12 weather sensor located near thewest end of the runway at 2331 UTC, respectively. At the Bermuda Maritime Operations Centre(MAROPS) located on the north end of the island, a 1-min sustained wind of 94 kt and a gust of125 kt were measured at an elevation of 290 ft (88 m) at 2324 UTC. Reducing that sustained windto a standard 10-m elevation yields an equivalent 1-min wind speed of approximately 78 kt.There was an unofficial report of a 1-min sustained wind of 97 kt and a gust to 145 ktobserved by a private anemometer located on the roof of the Commissioner’s House atCommissioner’s Point (Fig. 12, left panel) at an elevation of 115 ft ASL (35 m). However, there issome uncertainty in the validity of this wind report due to the anemometer being located close tothe top of the building with a hipped-roof, which could cause winds flowing over the structure tobe accelerated by the Bernoulli Effect. Assuming that the wind data are valid, the 97-kt wind speedwould reduce to 89 kt at 10-m elevation.The Crescent Marine Navigation Aid (NAVAID) located offshore along the reef line about8 n mi northwest of Bermuda, measured a 10-min average wind speed of 82 kt and a gust to 113kt at an elevation of 6 m ASL at 2313 UTC (Fig. 12, right panel). Increasing the wind speed toabout 87 kt for a 10-m height (using a logarithmic vertical wind profile), and then adjusting thatvalue to a 1-min wind speed for an open marine exposure yields an equivalent wind speed ofapproximately 96 kt.The lowest reliable pressures on Bermuda occurred on the north end of the island at theairport when Humberto made its closest approach. A pressure of 978.8 mb was measured at 2321UTC 18 September by the AviMet-12 weather sensor, while a pressure of 979.3 mb was observedat the same time by the Bermuda (TXKF) airport official weather observing system (Table 4). Hurricane Humberto 6Storm Surge2 Storm surge values along the east coast of Florida (Table 4) were generally around 1.0 to1.5 ft, resulting in saltwater inundation levels of around 1 ft. On Bermuda, storm surge valueswere around 3 ft, mainly on the west-facing beaches.Rainfall and FloodingRainfall amounts on Bermuda were relatively light compared to most tropical cyclones. Astorm total rainfall of 1.57 inches was measured at the L.F. Wade International Airport (TXKF) on18–19 September. Rainfall amounts across the central and northwestern Bahamas, and the eastcoast of Florida, were less than one inch.CASUALTY AND DAMAGE STATISTICSHurricane Humberto was responsible for two direct deaths3 in the United States. A 22-year old man disappeared after going for a swim in the ocean off St. Augustine Beach, Florida,on 15 September. According to St. Johns County Fire-Rescue, the young man was last seen inthe water about 4 p.m. EDT that day, and was presumed to have drowned. The rough surf andstrong rip currents also resulted in 21 water rescues along the St. Johns County coast during theweekend of 14–15 September, with three people requiring hospitalization. Farther north along theU.S. coast on 18 September, a 62-year old man drowned in Humberto-induced rip currents atTopsail Beach, North Carolina.Humberto caused widespread damage and power outages on Bermuda. Powerful windgusts exceeding 100 kt across all of the island knocked down trees and power lines. Around28,000 customers, or more than 80% of the island’s subscribers, were without power at somepoint during the storm, which included a prolonged communications outage between the BermudaWeather Service and its Doppler weather radar system. The Bermuda Emergency Managementoffice reported that Humberto’s effects caused three structural fires and briefly forced the closure2 Several terms are used to describe water levels due to a storm. Storm surge is defined as the abnormalrise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide, and is expressed interms of height above normal tide levels. Because storm surge represents the deviation from normal waterlevels, it is not referenced to a vertical datum. Storm tide is defined as the water level due to thecombination of storm surge and the astronomical tide, and is expressed in terms of height above a verticaldatum, i.e. the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) or Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW).Inundation is the total water level that occurs on normally dry ground as a result of the storm tide, and isexpressed in terms of height above ground level. At the coast, normally dry land is roughly defined as areashigher than the normal high tide line, or Mean Higher High Water (MHHW).3 Deaths occurring as a direct result of the forces of the tropical cyclone are referred to as “direct” deaths.These would include those persons who drowned in storm surge, rough seas, rip currents, and freshwaterfloods. Direct deaths also include casualties resulting from lightning and wind-related events (e.g.,collapsing structures). Deaths occurring from such factors as heart attacks, house fires, electrocutions fromdowned power lines, vehicle accidents on wet roads, etc., are considered indirect” deaths.Hurricane Humberto 7of “The Causeway”, a road that connects the L.F. Wade International Airport in northern Bermudato the population centers in southern Bermuda, due to possible structural integrity issues.Information obtained from the Aon Re-Insurance Company’s (Aon.com) 2019 AnnualSummary indicate that damage losses on Bermuda caused by Hurricane Dorian, includingdamage to the new airport, exceed $25 million (USD).FORECAST AND WARNING CRITIQUEThe genesis of Humberto was adequately forecast. The wave from which Humbertodeveloped was first introduced in the Tropical Weather Outlook 198 h prior to genesis with a lowprobability of formation (<40%) in both the 48- and 120-h forecast periods (Table 2). However,the disturbance was dropped from the 48-h forecast period (hours shown in parentheses in Table2) when it became apparent that strong vertical wind shear was going to prevent genesis fromoccurring in the short term. The system was re-introduced into the 48-h period with a lowprobability of genesis 72 h before Humberto formed. The genesis probabilities for the disturbancewere increased to the medium category (40–60%) 48 h and 66 h before genesis for the 48- and120-h forecast periods, respectively. The genesis forecasts reached the high category (>60%)30 h and 42 h before genesis occurred for the 48- and 120-h forecast periods, respectively.A verification of NHC official track forecasts for Humberto is given in Table 5a. Officialforecast track errors (OFCL) were lower than the mean official errors for the previous 5-yr period,especially at 96 and 120 h where OFCL errors were about 45% and 30% better than average,respectively. Prior to Humberto being declared a tropical cyclone, Potential Tropical Cyclone(PTC) advisories were issued from 2100 UTC 12 September until 1800 UTC 13 September inanticipation of the disturbance producing tropical-storm-force winds across the northwesternBahamas and the Florida east coast. The OFCL forecasts were poor during the PTC stage, withthe first few advisories predicting landfall in the central and northwestern Bahamas and along theeast coast of the Florida peninsula (Fig. 13). However, moderate southwesterly vertical windshear (Fig. 4) during the PTC stage kept most of the deep convection displaced into thenortheastern portion of the circulation, resulting in the LLCC redeveloping to the east of theforecast tracks. Since the early OFCL forecasts were anticipating landfall, which would causeHumberto to weaken and become a shallow cyclone, they did not expect the storm to movethrough a weakness in the subtropical ridge situated off the southeastern coast of the UnitedStates. However, once Humberto became a tropical cyclone, track forecasts improvedsignificantly, including accurately predicting the pronounced decrease in forward speed and sharpturn toward the northeast when Humberto moved through a break in the ridge axis by early 16September. As a result, cross-track errors were small and no NHC forecasts took the center ofthe hurricane across Bermuda.A homogeneous comparison of the official track errors with selected guidance models isgiven in Table 5b. NHC official track forecasts outperformed all of the guidance models at 96 h,and were bested only slightly by the dynamical models EGRI (UKMET) and HMNI (HMON) atother time periods. The consensus models HCCA, FSSE (Florida State Superensemble), TVCA,TVCX, and TVDG had slightly lower track errors compared to OFCL at 12–48 h, but they were Hurricane Humberto 8significantly lower, by nearly 50%, at 120 h. The EMXI (ECMWF) had uncharacteristically largeerrors at all times, especially at the 72-, 96-, and 120-h periods, which were primarily due to alongtrack errors caused by a positive (fast) forward speed bias.A verification of NHC official intensity forecasts for Humberto is given in Table 6a. Officialforecast intensity errors were lower than the mean official errors for the previous 5-yr period in12–72 h and were greater than the mean errors at the 96- and 120-h periods. The larger-thanaverage errors at days 4 and 5 were due to a negative (low) intensity bias preceding Humberto’speak intensity, as forecasts did not anticipate Humberto’s continued strengthening in the face ofextremely hostile vertical wind shear conditions (Fig. 4) when the hurricane approached Bermuda.A positive (high) intensity bias later occurred due to forecasts not capturing the rapid weakeningtrend after Humberto peaked in intensity while passing to the northeast of Bermuda (Fig. 14).A homogeneous comparison of the official intensity errors with selected guidance modelsis given in Table 6b. NHC official intensity errors were lower than all of the dynamical models atall times, except for the EGRI and HWFI models, which bested OFCL at 12, 72, 96, and 120 h.The corrected-consensus models HCCA and FSSE were equal to or better than OFCL at all times.The global and regional models performed quite well by forecasting continued deepening ofHumberto, likely in response to strong baroclinic forcing when the hurricane was expected toencounter very unfavorable vertical wind shear conditions. However, the deepening process didnot equate to an increase in the eyewall pressure gradient and resultant increase in Humberto’sintensity, owing to the models’ baroclinic-induced pressure falls occurring over a relatively largearea both inside and outside the hurricane’s eye.Watches and warnings associated with Humberto are given in Table 7.A Tropical Storm Warning was issued for the northwestern Bahamas on the first PTCadvisory (2100 UTC 12 September) and a Tropical Storm Watch was issued for portions of theFlorida east coast on the second PTC advisory (0300 UTC 13 September). Due to Humberto’sactual path keeping the cyclone east of rather than through the Bahamas, the Tropical StormWarning for the northwestern Bahamas did not verify. Similarly, the Tropical Storm Watch for theFlorida east coast did not verify even though sustained winds of 32 kt along with wind gusts to 35kt (Table 4) occurred approximately 20 h after the Watch was issued.For Bermuda, the Tropical Storm Watch, Tropical Storm Warning, Hurricane Watch, andHurricane Warning were issued with lead times of approximately 48 h, 32 h, 32 h, and 26 h,respectively, before the arrival of tropical-storm-force winds on the island.Hurricane Humberto 9ReferencesBjerknes, J., 1951: Extratropical cyclones. Compendium of Meteorology, T.F. Malone, Ed., Amer.Meteor. Soc., 577–598.Browning, K.A., 2004: The sting at the end of the tail: Damaging winds associated withextratropical cyclones. Part B. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 130, No.597, 375–398.Hart, N.C.G., S.L. Gray, and P.A. Clark, 2017: Sting-jet windstorms over the North Atlantic:Climatology and contribution to extreme wind risk. J. Climate, 30, 5455–5471.AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks to Senior Hurricane Specialist John Cangialosi for the Humberto ‘besttrack’ map and to the Bermuda Weather Service for the surface observation and radar data fromBermuda. Data from the National Data Buoy Center in Table 3 and Tables 4. Data compiled fromPost-Tropical Cyclone Reports issued by the NWS Forecast Offices (WFO) in Miami andMelbourne, Florida, and the Bahamas Weather Service were also included in this report.Hurricane Humberto 10Table 1. Best track for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC)Latitude(°N)Longitude(°W)Pressure(mb)WindSpeed (kt) Stage12 / 1200 23.0 74.2 1010 25 low12 / 1800 23.4 74.3 1010 25 "13 / 0000 23.8 74.3 1009 25 "13 / 0600 24.2 74.4 1009 25 "13 / 1200 24.7 74.5 1008 30 "13 / 1800 25.2 74.7 1008 30 tropical depression14 / 0000 25.6 75.2 1007 35 tropical storm14 / 0600 26.0 75.9 1006 35 "14 / 1200 26.5 76.5 1004 40 "14 / 1800 27.0 77.0 1003 45 "15 / 0000 27.5 77.3 998 50 "15 / 0600 28.0 77.6 997 50 "15 / 1200 28.6 77.9 995 55 "15 / 1800 29.1 78.1 993 60 "16 / 0000 29.2 77.8 987 65 hurricane16 / 0600 29.5 77.3 982 70 "16 / 1200 29.8 76.7 979 75 "16 / 1800 30.1 76.1 975 75 "17 / 0000 30.3 75.4 966 80 "17 / 0600 30.5 74.7 964 85 "17 / 1200 30.7 73.8 961 90 "17 / 1800 30.9 72.9 956 95 "18 / 0000 31.2 71.6 952 100 "18 / 0600 31.5 70.3 951 105 "18 / 1200 32.0 68.8 951 105 "18 / 1800 32.5 67.2 950 110 "19 / 0000 33.2 65.0 950 110 "19 / 0300 33.8 64.0 950 110 "19 / 0600 34.5 62.9 951 105 "19 / 1200 36.0 60.8 955 95 "19 / 1800 37.7 59.3 961 80 "20 / 0000 39.1 58.5 967 70 extratropical20 / 0600 40.4 58.0 972 60 "20 / 1200 41.5 57.5 977 50 "20 / 1800 dissipated18 / 1800 32.5 67.2 950 110 minimum pressure andmaximum intensityHurricane Humberto 11Table 2. Number of hours in advance of formation associated with the first NHC TropicalWeather Outlook forecast in the indicated likelihood category. Note that the timingsfor the “Low” category do not include forecasts of a 0% chance of genesis. Hoursin parentheses ( ) indicates lead time system was first mentioned in the outlookbefore being removed and then re-entered.Hours Before Genesis48-Hour Outlook 120-Hour OutlookLow (<40%) (198) 72 198Medium (40%-60%) 48 66High (>60%) 30 42Hurricane Humberto 12Table 3. Selected ship and buoy reports during the PTC, tropical, and extratropical stageswith winds of at least 34 kt, except for significant observations, for HurricaneHumberto during the period 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC)Ship callsignLatitude(°N)Longitude(°W)Winddir/speed (kt)Pressure(mb)13 / 0300 3FOC5 26.8 79.4 050 / 37 1013.713 / 0900 3FZO8 24.4 74.3 040 / 35 1011.413 / 1500 H3VU 26.8 79.1 070 / 35 1018.013 / 2200 C6FV9 28.0 80.2 050 / 37 1014.313 / 2300 HPYE 27.9 80.0 050 / 40 1014.214 / 0100 3FZO8 26.3 78.9 050 / 40 1015.614 / 0100 C6FV9 27.4 79.7 050 / 37 1013.914 / 0300 HPYE 27.1 79.3 050 / 37 1014.114 / 0800 HPYE 26.0 78.3 020 / 45 1011.014 / 2200 H3GR 30.1 81.0 050 / 35 1016.815 / 0000 H3GR 29.8 80.7 050 / 35 1015.815 / 0200 3FZO8 28.7 78.5 050 / 35 1014.915 / 0300 3FZO8 28.8 78.2 050 / 35 1013.815 / 0400 VRNY4 27.9 74.2 130 / 35 1014.015 / 0500 3FZO8 28.9 77.5 090 / 43 1012.915 / 0600 3FZO8 29.0 77.2 100 / 40 1013.015 / 1200 3FZO8 29.4 75.7 130 / 45G56 1015.215 / 1340 Buoy 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1003.415 / 1350 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 35 1003.115 / 1400 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1002.215 / 1410 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43G50 1001.815 / 1420 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43G52 1001.615 / 1430 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43 1001.415 / 1440 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 44 1000.9Hurricane Humberto 1315 / 1450 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 45G55 1000.815 / 1500 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 41G56 1000.815 / 1510 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1000.915 / 1520 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 35 1001.115 / 1920 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 35 998.715 / 1930 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.515 / 1940 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 39 998.415 / 1950 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.515 / 2000 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 998.115 / 2010 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 39 998.615 / 2020 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.815 / 2030 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 998.615 / 2040 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 999.015 / 2050 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 35 999.315 / 2100 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 35 999.115 / 2110 41010 28.9 78.5 290 / 37 998.415 / 2120 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 39 998.215 / 2130 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 39 998.715 / 2140 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 999.015 / 2150 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 37 999.215 / 2200 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 999.515 / 2320 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 1001.415 / 2330 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 1001.516 / 0200 3FFL8 25.9 78.0 180 / 38 1013.916 / 0200 3FOC5 27.4 79.3 280 / 35 1011.416 / 0400 C6FM8 25.6 76.1 220 / 35 1011.016 / 2100 WDD612 30.6 79.6 010 / 35 1011.517 / 0150 Buoy 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.317 / 0240 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.2Hurricane Humberto 1417 / 0250 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.317 / 0350 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.217 / 0450 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1005.517 / 0610 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.617 / 0620 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1003.317 / 0630 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.417 / 0640 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.317 / 0650 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1003.117 / 0700 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.917 / 0710 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 39 1002.717 / 0720 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1002.817 / 0730 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.817 / 0740 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.317 / 0750 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1002.517 / 0800 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.017 / 0810 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G50 1001.917 / 0820 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.117 / 0828 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 4717 / 0830 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 41G52 1002.217 / 0840 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37G50 1002.217 / 0850 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 41G51 1002.117 / 0900 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.817 / 0910 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 39 1001.917 / 0920 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1001.917 / 0930 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.017 / 0940 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 39G52 1001.717 / 0950 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G51 1001.717 / 1000 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39G50 1001.617 / 1010 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.6Hurricane Humberto 1517 / 1020 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.717 / 1030 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1001.617 / 1040 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.617 / 1050 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G51 1001.617 / 1100 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.717 / 1110 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.217 / 1120 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.317 / 1130 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.117 / 1140 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.317 / 1150 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 37 1002.617 / 1200 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.217 / 1210 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.617 / 1220 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.817 / 1230 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.917 / 1240 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.617 / 1300 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.117 / 1320 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.317 / 1330 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.317 / 1350 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.817 / 1400 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1003.618 / 0230 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 35 995.118 / 0300 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 35 993.518 / 0310 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 993.518 / 0320 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 39 993.518 / 0330 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 35 993.018 / 0340 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 35 992.718 / 0410 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 990.218 / 0420 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 39 990.418 / 0430 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 41 989.7Hurricane Humberto 1618 / 0440 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 989.118 / 0450 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 39 988.718 / 0500 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 41 987.718 / 0510 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 41 987.418 / 0520 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 45 986.118 / 0530 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 45 984.718 / 0540 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 47 983.918 / 0550 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 47G64 982.918 / 0600 V7A207 35.4 68.0 070 / 40 1008.518 / 0600 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 49G65 981.418 / 0610 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 49G66 979.818 / 0620 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 51G68 978.318 / 0630 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G70 976.618 / 0640 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 52G73 975.318 / 0650 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 51G65 973.918 / 0700 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 52G71 972.618 / 0710 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G72 971.218 / 0717 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6118 / 0720 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G73 969.218 / 0724 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6618 / 0730 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 56G74 967.118 / 0735 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 0740 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G75 964.418 / 0743 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 0748 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 0750 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G77 963.218 / 0754 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6518 / 0800 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G75 962.318 / 0802 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 61Hurricane Humberto 1718 / 0810 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 56G75 961.018 / 0820 41048 31.8 69.6 100 / 54G73 960.118 / 0830 41048 31.8 69.6 090 / 52G70 959.018 / 0840 41048 31.8 69.6 090 / 49G68 957.618 / 0850 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 47G60 955.918 / 0900 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 41G56 955.618 / 0910 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 39G55 955.018 / 0920 41048 31.8 69.6 070 / 32G47 954.518 / 0930 41048 31.8 69.6 060 / 27G38 954.218 / 0940 41048 31.8 69.6 060 / 30G40 955.218 / 0948 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 2918 / 0950 41048 31.8 69.6 040 / 24G36 955.818 / 1000 41048 31.8 69.6 030 / 37G54 957.118 / 1010 41048 31.8 69.6 010 / 49G78 956.318 / 1020 41048 31.8 69.6 010 / 52G73 959.018 / 1027 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6118 / 1030 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 58G76 961.118 / 1034 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6518 / 1040 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 60G81 963.418 / 1046 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 1050 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 60G80 967.418 / 1100 C6SE3 36.2 71.9 020 / 37 1017.018 / 1100 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 54G75 969.518 / 1101 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6018 / 1110 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 54G72 971.218 / 1120 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 57G76 973.018 / 1129 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6618 / 1130 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 59G77 974.518 / 1134 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 62Hurricane Humberto 1818 / 1140 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 58G75 976.418 / 1150 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 56G74 978.018 / 1154 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6318 / 1200 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 57G74 979.818 / 1209 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 1210 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 58G75 980.718 / 1215 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 1220 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 56G74 982.818 / 1230 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 56G73 984.518 / 1240 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 54G70 986.118 / 1250 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 54G70 987.318 / 1300 3FZO8 27.3 63.3 190 / 35 1012.818 / 1300 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 52G67 988.118 / 1310 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 52G65 989.418 / 1320 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 49G60 990.018 / 1330 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 47 990.418 / 1340 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 990.818 / 1350 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 47 991.218 / 1400 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 991.918 / 1410 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 43 992.318 / 1420 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 992.818 / 1430 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 993.518 / 1440 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 993.618 / 1442 Buoy 41047 27.5 71.5 *** / 3518 / 1450 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 994.018 / 1500 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 994.418 / 1510 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 994.918 / 1520 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 995.618 / 1530 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 996.1Hurricane Humberto 1918 / 1540 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 37 996.718 / 1550 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 39 997.018 / 1600 3FZO8 26.8 64.1 190 / 35 1012.518 / 1600 V7WS4 32.8 74.5 030 / 38 1019.418 / 1600 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 41 997.718 / 1610 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 41 998.018 / 1620 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 39 998.618 / 1630 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 41 998.718 / 1640 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 999.218 / 1650 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 37 999.618 / 1700 3FZO8 26.6 64.3 190 / 35 1012.018 / 1700 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 999.718 / 1710 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 41 999.618 / 1720 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 999.818 / 1730 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.218 / 1740 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.218 / 1750 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1000.318 / 1800 VRSK6 36.0 73.7 350 / 37 1014.018 / 1800 V7A207 37.3 70.3 040 / 50 1011.518 / 1800 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1000.618 / 1810 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.918 / 1820 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1001.218 / 1830 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1001.318 / 1840 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1001.519 / 0400 KABP 40.1 62.4 050 / 35 1016.519 / 0500 KABP 40.0 63.0 040 / 40 1016.319 / 0600 KABP 40.0 63.4 040 / 40 1015.319 / 0900 DCPI2 39.3 56.0 090 / 3719 / 1200 DCPI2 39.5 54.8 070 / 40 1011.4Hurricane Humberto 2019 / 1500 DCPI2 39.7 53.5 090 / 40 1010.419 / 1800 DCPI2 39.9 52.3 080 / 36 1013.320 / 1200 9VKQ2 38.9 50.2 060 / 38 1019.020 / 1800 44139 44.2 57.1 050 / 35 1002.0*** = wind direction not availableG = wind gustBuoy averaging periods are 10 minutes; 1-minute average wind denoted by no wind direction (***).Buoys 41010 and 41048 anemometer height = 4.1 m above sea levelBuoy 41002 anemometer height = 3.8 m above sea levelHurricane Humberto 21Table 4. Selected surface observations for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)BermudaInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesL.F. Wade IAP (TXKF)(32.36N 64.68W – elev. 59 ft) 18/1955 990.9 18/1955 3410 m/10 min 4818/2019 989.8 18/2019 3710 m/10 min 5618/2055 989.2 18/2055 3510 m/10 min 5418/2142 985.1 18/2142 4510 m/10 min 6218/2155 985.0 18/2155 4610 m/10 min 6418/2220 984.1 18/2220 4810 m/10 min 7118/2255 982.1 18/2255 5810 m/10 min 7518/2309 982.0 18/2309 5010 m/10 min 7218/2321 979.318/2328 980.0 18/2328 7110 m/10 min 9718/2331 980.0 18/2331 7010 m/10 min 10118/2355 981.0 18/2355 6310 m/10 min 9519/0012 986.1 19/0012 5310 m/10 min 7519/0058 990.9 19/0058 4410 m/10 min 6419/0155 994.9 19/0155 4010 m/10 min 53 1.57AWOSAirport AviMet-1232.366N 64.696W 18/2321 978.8 18/2330 7110 m/10 min 10118/2331 7110 m/10 min 10118/2332 7010 m/10 min 10118/2327 7010 m/10 min 97Airport AviMet-3032.361N 64.666W 18/2335 981.3 18/2331 100Hurricane Humberto 22LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)18/2333 6910 m/10 min 10018/2337 7110 m/10 min 8618/2339 7110 m/10 min 89Crescent (offshore)Marine NAVAID32.42N 64.82W18/2313 826 m/10 min 10118/2316 806 m/10 min 10218/2300 796 m/10 min 11318/2319 796 m/10 min 9818/2303 786 m/10 min 9718/2308 786 m/10 min 9718/2309 786 m/10 min 10018/2355 786 m/10 min 10318/2248 776 m/10 min 10518/2307 776 m/10 min 9318/2320 776 m/10 min 9618/2331 766 m/10 min 10118/2315 756 m/10 min 10118/2254 746 m/10 min 10118/2322 746 m/10 min 10818/2337 736 m/10 min 10318/2311 731m/10 min 10218/2343 706 m/10 min 106ESSO Pier, St. Georges Is.32.37N 64.70W 18/2324 980.2 18/2242 734 m/2 min 3.018/2154 724 m/2 min18/2212 7046 m/2 minHurricane Humberto 23LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)Heliport f32.36N 64.70W 18/2019 5310 m/1 min 6818/2022 5210 m/1 min 7718/2016 5210 m/1 min 6318/2018 5210 m/1 min 7518/2023 5110 m/1 min 74Maritime OperationsCentre (MAROPS)32.38N 64.68W (elev. 290 ft)18/2352 980.0 18/2324 94/1 min 12518/2327 11818/2330 11718/2326 11618/2358 11618/2332 11518/2347 11518/2355 11518/2350 114Pearl Island (near shore)32.29N 64.84W 18/2319 8710 m/1 min 10718/2322 8510 m/1 min 9518/2316 8410 m/1 min 9818/2310 8310 m/1 min 9418/2321 8110 m/1 min 10718/2317 7310 m/1 min 10518/2319 8710 m/1 min 10218/2320 7810 m/1 min 10218/2328 8010 m/1 min 9918/2316 8410 m/1 min 98Hurricane Humberto 24LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)UnofficialCommissioner’s House,National Museum ofBermuda, DockyardWindGuru.cz elev. 115 ft(32.33N 64.83W)18/2322 97/1 min 14518/2318 97/1 min 14518/2320 97/1 min18/2330 97/1 minBahamasInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesGrand Bahama IAP (MYGF)(26.56N 78.70W – elev. 10 ft) 14/2100 1010.8 13/1816 2510 m/10 minCoastal-MarineAutomated Network(C-MAN) SitesSettlement Point GBI(SPGF1) 26.70N 79.00W 15/0800 1010.7 13/2350 247 m/2 min 32FloridaInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesDaytona Beach IAP(KDAB) 29.18N 81.06W 15/1955 1011.8 15/0351 2510 m/2 min 32Mayport Naval Base(KNRB) 30.39N 81.42W 16/0752 1013.2 15/1150 2410 m/2 min 30National Ocean Service(NOS) SitesBlount Island Command(BLIF1) 30.39N 81.52W 16/2248 1014.9 15/1524 209 m/6 min 33Dames Point(DMSF1) 30.40N 81.43W 16/2248 1014.9 1.02 2.45 1.1Fernandina Beach(FRDF1) 30.67N 81.47W 16/2218 1014.3 15/2030 157 m/6 min 24 1.76 3.47 0.7Hurricane Humberto 25LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)Lake Worth Pier(LWKF1) 26.61N 80.03W 15/2100 1012.3 13/2306 286 m/6 min 35 1.28 1.58 1.0Mayport (Bar Pilots Dock)(MYPF1) 30.40N 81.43W 16/2236 1014.2 15/1200 256 m/6 min 32 1.34 2.93 1.0Southbank Riverwalk, St.Johns River(MSBF1) 30.32N 81.66W0.98 1.78 1.1South Port Everglades(PEGF1) 26.08N 80.12W 15/2042 1011.4 13/2224 326 m/6 min 35 0.87 1.52 1.0Trident Pier, Prt Canaveral(TRDF1) 28.41N 80.59W 15/2012 1012.6 14/1736 217 m/6 min 28 1.32 2.22 1.1Virginia Key, Biscayne Bay(VAKF1) 25.73N 80.16W 15/2100 1011.2 13/1936 2310 m/6 min 31 0.91 1.38 1.2a Date/time is for sustained wind when both sustained and gust are listed. b Except as noted, sustained wind averaging periods for C-MAN and land-based reports are 2 min. c Storm surge is water height above normal astronomical tide level. d For most locations, storm tide is water height above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). Stormtide is water height above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) for NOS stations in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands,and Barbados. e Estimated inundation is the maximum height of water above ground. For some USGS storm tide pressure sensors,inundation is estimated by subtracting the elevation of the sensor from the recorded storm tide. For other USGSstorm tide sensors and USGS high-water marks, inundation is estimated by subtracting the elevation of the landderived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the recorded and measured storm tide. For NOS tide gauges,the height of the water above Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) is used as a proxy for inundation. f Data not available after 2024 UTC 18 September 2019.Hurricane Humberto 26Table 5a. NHC official (OFCL) and climatology-persistence skill baseline (OCD5) trackforecast errors (n mi) for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Meanerrors for the previous 5-yr period are shown for comparison. Official errors thatare smaller than the 5-yr means are shown in boldface type.Forecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 17.5 29.2 44.6 58.8 93.2 75.5 122.8OCD5 36.3 79.3 132.4 190.6 287.9 359.5 424.9Forecasts 23 21 19 17 13 9 5OFCL (2014-18) 23.6 35.5 47.0 61.8 96.0 136.0 179.6OCD5 (2014-18) 44.8 97.6 157.4 220.1 340.7 446.6 536.6Hurricane Humberto 27Table 5b. Homogeneous comparison of selected track forecast guidance models (in n mi)for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Errors smaller than the NHCofficial forecast are shown in boldface type. The number of official forecasts shownhere will generally be smaller than that shown in Table 5a due to the homogeneityrequirement.Model IDForecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 15.5 21.7 38.9 50.6 92.7 82.1 150.0OCD5 29.2 52.8 96.9 153.0 295.9 393.0 522.4GFSI 16.6 30.6 49.7 77.0 143.8 136.4 191.9EMXI 17.6 30.6 54.6 80.2 170.3 264.2 328.8EGRI 11.7 18.4 30.1 37.4 63.5 86.0 182.0CMCI 18.8 36.0 66.8 101.5 210.9 275.8 200.3NVGI 26.6 40.6 63.9 90.4 228.9 436.1 613.6AEMI 17.5 28.7 45.7 69.0 140.4 158.2 344.6HWFI 25.1 41.1 61.5 83.0 126.2 139.4 335.8HMNI 17.3 23.1 35.8 45.5 77.9 140.8 260.9HCCA 13.8 19.3 31.8 44.1 98.3 129.1 127.1FSSE 13.0 15.4 30.5 41.5 87.9 113.5 163.1TVCA 14.7 20.5 34.6 51.5 96.3 84.0 79.4TVCX 14.4 19.8 35.0 49.7 98.8 88.6 68.9TVDG 13.5 17.6 32.7 45.9 90.3 83.0 57.6GFEX 16.0 25.7 47.9 73.1 154.3 199.5 255.6TABD 19.4 20.7 40.6 73.6 189.1 462.7 911.8TABM 27.4 48.5 82.2 115.6 187.9 220.1 253.0TABS 47.7 111.0 191.1 276.9 437.6 670.1 1021.8Forecasts 10 10 10 10 9 6 3 Hurricane Humberto 28Table 6a. NHC official (OFCL) and climatology-persistence skill baseline (OCD5) intensityforecast errors (kt) for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Mean errorsfor the previous 5-yr period are shown for comparison. Official errors that aresmaller than the 5-yr means are shown in boldface type.Forecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 5.2 6.2 5.3 8.5 10.8 17.2 21.0OCD5 8.1 12.1 15.7 19.9 29.2 41.0 40.0Forecasts 23 21 19 17 13 9 5OFCL (2014-18) 5.3 7.9 9.9 11.2 13.3 14.4 14.2OCD5 (2014-18) 6.9 10.9 14.3 17.4 20.9 22.0 22.8Hurricane Humberto 29Table 6b. Homogeneous comparison of selected intensity forecast guidance models (in kt)for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Errors smaller than the NHCofficial forecast are shown in boldface type. The number of official forecasts shownhere will generally be smaller than that shown in Table 6a due to the homogeneityrequirement.Model IDForecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 4.0 3.5 4.0 9.0 10.6 15.8 11.7OCD5 4.9 9.7 15.2 20.6 28.9 40.0 34.0GFSI 3.4 5.7 9.2 12.1 15.9 22.0 11.7EMXI 4.9 10.4 19.8 27.5 33.4 37.3 25.0EGRI 3.5 6.0 8.8 9.3 9.2 6.8 7.0CMCI 6.0 9.8 14.2 15.3 22.0 22.0 11.0NVGI 6.3 9.8 16.2 19.4 31.0 34.3 21.0AEMI 9.1 14.6 19.9 23.1 29.8 33.5 29.7HMNI 6.0 9.8 14.6 16.1 17.7 16.5 16.0HWFI 3.2 4.1 7.2 8.6 7.6 7.3 14.3HCCA 3.2 3.3 4.7 6.3 10.9 13.8 6.7FSSE 3.2 3.5 4.8 6.9 5.8 7.8 7.0DSHP 4.1 7.1 12.4 15.7 18.1 23.3 12.7LGEM 4.4 5.9 9.2 12.3 18.6 26.0 18.0ICON 3.8 5.6 9.3 11.9 13.2 18.0 15.3IVCN 3.6 4.9 9.0 12.2 14.1 18.2 13.3IVDR 3.3 5.0 9.1 11.6 14.2 16.8 12.3Forecasts 10 10 10 10 9 6 3 Hurricane Humberto 30Table 7. Watch and warning summary for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC) Action Location12 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning issued Northwestern Bahamas13 / 0300 Tropical Storm Watch issuedJupiter Inlet to Volusia/BrevardCounty Line, Florida13 / 0900 Tropical Storm Watch modified toJupiter Inlet to Volusia/BrevardCounty Line, Florida14 / 0300 Tropical Storm Watch discontinued All14 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning discontinued All16 / 2100 Tropical Storm Watch issued Bermuda17 / 1200 Tropical Storm Watch changed toTropical Storm Warning Bermuda17 / 1500 Hurricane Watch issued Bermuda17 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning changed toHurricane Warning Bermuda17 / 2100 Hurricane Watch discontinued Bermuda19 / 0300 Hurricane Warning changed to TropicalStorm Warning Bermuda19 / 0600 Tropical Storm Warning discontinued BermudaHurricane Humberto 31Figure 1. Best track positions for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. The track during the extratropical stage is partially basedon analyses from the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center.Hurricane Humberto 32Figure 2. Selected wind observations and best track maximum sustained surface wind speed curve for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19September 2019. Aircraft observations have been adjusted for elevation using 90%, 83%, and 80% adjustment factors forobservations from 700 mb, 800 mb, and 850 mb, respectively. Dropwindsonde observations include actual 10-m winds (sfc),as well as surface estimates derived from the mean wind over the lowest 150 m of the wind sounding (LLM). Advanced DvorakTechnique estimates represent the Current Intensity at the nominal observation time. SATCON intensity estimates are from theCooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. Dashed vertical lines correspond to 0000 UTC. Hurricane Humberto 33Figure 3. Selected pressure observations and best track minimum central pressure curve for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19 September2019. Advanced Dvorak Technique estimates represent the Current Intensity at the nominal observation time. SATCONintensity estimates are from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. KZC P-W refers to pressure estimatesderived using the Knaff-Zehr-Courtney pressure-wind relationship. Dashed vertical lines correspond to 0000 UTC. Hurricane Humberto 34Figure 4. Time series of Hurricane Humberto’s actual intensity versus GFS-based SHIPS model analyzed environmental parameters:850−200-mb vertical wind shear (G-SHEAR - kt), sea-surface temperature (SST - °C), upper-ocean heat content (UOHC –kJ cm-2), and 700−500-mb average relative humidity (MDLVLRH - %). Direction of vertical wind shear vectors (black dashedarrows) is relative to true north, with north being at the top of the page. Time period covered is from 1200 UTC 30 August to1200 UTC 15 September 2018, which includes Humberto’s Potential Tropical Cyclone stage (red shading). For comparison,the ECMWF-based SHIPS model vertical wind shear values (E-SHEAR - kt) have been included (pink-dashed line). Hurricane Humberto 35Figure 5. Time series plot of Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft flight-level wind speed (kt), SFMR-derived surface wind speed(kt), and SFMR-derived rain rate (mm/h) data collected from 0218-0258 UTC 19 September 2019 while traversing Humberto’seye and eyewall from north to south. A maximum flight-level wind speed of 121 kt and a peak SFMR-derived wind speed of113 kt were sampled at 0248 UTC in the remnant southern eyewall.Hurricane Humberto 36Figure 6. Vertical wind profile (a) and temperature-dewpoint profile (b) from a dropsonde released in the southern eyewall of HurricaneHumberto at 0249 UTC 19 September 2019. Solid red line indicates wind speed and red arrows indicate wind direction relativeto true north (top of page); solid blue line is the ambient temperature and dashed green line is the dewpoint temperature. WL150and MBL are computed from the mean wind speed (kt) in lowest 150 m and lowest 500 m of the dropsonde, respectively. Hurricane Humberto 37Figure 7. Time series plot of surface pressure data (mb) between 0000 UTC and 1800 UTC 18 September 2019 from NOAA Buoy 40148,located 240 n mi west of Bermuda. The center of Hurricane Humberto passed approximately 6 n mi southeast of the buoyaround 0930 UTC 18 September, when a minimum pressure of 954.2 mb was measured. Hurricane Humberto 38Figure 8. Bermuda Weather Service Doppler weather radar reflectivity images (0.5°elevation) at 2249 UTC 18 September (left panel)and 0409 UTC 19 September 2019 (right panel); images are the last and first radar data, respectively, surrounding a prolongedcommunications outage on the island caused by Hurricane Humberto. The splash location of a 0247 UTC 19 Septemberdropsonde is indicated by the red circled-X. An Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft flew through the same location andmeasured moderate rain rates, an indication that the dropsonde passed through the eroding remnant southern eyewall.Hurricane Humberto 39Figure 9. GFS model analysis of the 200-mb height field (dm) at 1800 UTC 18 September 2019; Purple-dashed arrow indicates axis ofmaximum jetstream wind speeds and blue-shaded area depicts region of wind speeds >50 kt (left panel); cross-sectionalschematic diagram (oriented NW-SE through Humberto) illustrating the associated transverse circulation as Humbertoapproached the right-rear jetstream entrance region (right panel).Hurricane Humberto 40Figure 10. GFS model analysis of the 200-mb height field (dm) at 0000 UTC 19 September 2019; Purple-dashed arrow indicates axis ofmaximum jetstream wind speeds and blue-shaded area depicts region of wind speeds >50 kt (left panel); cross-sectionalschematic diagram (oriented NW-SE through Humberto) illustrating the enhanced/increased transverse circulation due toHumberto’s intense warm core superimposed onto the right-rear jetstream entrance region (right panel). Enhancement of thelow-level westerly branch of the transverse circulation likely produced a ‘sting jet’ type wind phenomenon that helped to increaseHumberto’s maximum wind during the time the cyclone’s eyewall was eroding and weakening.Hurricane Humberto 41Figure 11. Time series plot of selected surface observation data from L.F. Wade International Airport, Bermuda (TXKF), during the 48-hperiod 1200 UTC 18 September to 1200 UTC September 2019 during the passage of the southern eyewall of HurricaneHumberto over the island. Note the occurrence of the peak winds (10-min average and gusts) coincident with a sharp drop inthe ambient temperature around 2230 UTC 18 September, indicative of cold downdrafts that are driven by strong evaporativecooling.Hurricane Humberto 42Figure 12. Commissioner’s Point, Bermuda, observation location viewing west (left panel). Anemometer equipment located on the top ofthe roof could have produced accelerated and unrepresentative wind speeds due to the Bernoulli Effect created by air flowingover the hipped-roof on the Commissioner’s House structure. Crescent Beacon NAVAID (right panel) located approximately 8n mi northwest of Bermuda.Hurricane Humberto 43Figure 13. Selected official track forecasts (solid and dashed blue lines, with 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h positions indicated),including the PTC stage, for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. The best track is given by the solid red line withpositions given at 6-h intervals. Hurricane Humberto 44Figure 14. Selected official intensity forecasts (kt, solid blue lines, in 24-h increments) for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19 September 2019.The best track intensity (kt) is denoted by the solid red line with hurricane symbols at 6-h intervals. Intensity forecasts from 1800UTC 12 September until 1200 UTC 13 September were during the PTC stage.
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Reactions: Xangsane
Abu Jaffar bin Feyzillah
 
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When i hear the name Humberto i imagine an autistic skinny pencil necked wimp ngl, it’s an incel name at least here in Mexico
 
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Humbert Humbert :love:
 
If u have any of these three names its over for u
 
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Code Geasses me
 
Xangsane said:
NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTERTROPICAL CYCLONE REPORTHURRICANE HUMBERTO(AL092019)13–19 September 2019Stacy R. StewartNational Hurricane Center19 February 2020LAST BERMUDA RADAR REFLECTIVITY IMAGE AT 2249 UTC 18 SEPTEMBER 2019 WHEN HUMBERTO WAS MAKING ITSCLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH TO BERMUDA AS A MAJOR HURRICANE, JUST PRIOR TO A COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE.Humberto was a category 3 hurricane (on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale)that skirted the extreme eastern portions of the Bahamas before raking Bermuda withsustained hurricane-force winds for several hours that caused significant island-widedamage. The hurricane also produced large ocean swells and rip currents along thesoutheastern coast of the United States that resulted in two fatalities.Hurricane Humberto 2Hurricane Humberto13–19 SEPTEMBER 2019SYNOPTIC HISTORY A weak tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on 27 August, accompanied bylittle convection. The disturbance continued on a westward track across the deep tropical Atlanticfor the next several days before it began to interact with a mid- to upper-level trough a few hundredn mi east of the Lesser Antilles on 4 September. The westward motion of the northern portion ofthe wave was impeded by the southwesterly flow on the east side of the trough, which causedthe wave to fracture. By 6 September, the northern portion of the wave turned slowly toward thenorth-northwest while the southern portion of the wave continued to move quickly westwardtoward the southern Windward Islands.Little change to the northern wave’s structure occurred over the next few days whileassociated shower activity was minimal as the wave and the upper-level trough moved in tandemtoward the northwest. By 10 September, the disturbance was located just north of Hispaniola nearthe Turks and Caicos, moving slowly northwestward and parallel to the easternmost Bahamasarchipelago. Over the next 72 h, anticyclonic flow on the east side of the now negatively tiltedupper-level trough steadily increased, which aided in slow but steady development andorganization of deep convection along and east of the wave axis. The associated thunderstormactivity pulsed during this time, with a distinct increase in convection noted during the nighttimeperiod, followed by weakening during the daylight hours. Convection persisted despite its pulsingnature, with scatterometer wind data indicating that a broad surface low pressure system hadformed near the southeastern Bahamas by 1200 UTC 12 September. By early on 13 September,thunderstorms had organized into a narrow curved band in the northeastern quadrant of thesystem, and nearby ship and surface observations from the Bahamas indicated that the low-levelcirculation center (LLCC) had also become better-defined. Based on these data, it is estimatedthat a tropical depression formed by 1800 UTC that day about 75 n mi east of the centralBahamian island of Eleuthera. The cyclone strengthened into a tropical storm just 6 h later. The“best track” chart of the tropical cyclone’s path is given in Fig. 1, with the wind and pressurehistories shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The best track positions and intensities are listedin Table 11.Tropical Storm Humberto turned northwestward early on 14 September and maintainedthat motion for the next 48 h, accompanied by a slow forward speed of 3–7 kt due to the cyclonemoving through a narrow break in the Bermuda-Azores ridge. Despite moderate southwesterly towesterly 850–500-mb vertical wind shear (Fig. 4), slow-moving Humberto steadily strengthenedduring that time, attaining hurricane status by 0000 UTC 16 September when the cyclone briefly1 A digital record of the complete best track, including wind radii, can be found on line atftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf. Data for the current year’s storms are located in the btk directory, while previousyears’ data are located in the archive directory.Hurricane Humberto 3stalled about 150 n mi east-northeast of Cape Canaveral, Florida. The broad deep-layer troughlocated to the northwest of Humberto nudged the tropical cyclone east-northeastward at forwardspeeds of less than 10 kt for the next 48 h. During this time, the hurricane continued to steadilystrengthen despite strong vertical wind shear of near 30 kt and sharply decreasing mid-levelhumidity values (Fig. 4), with Humberto reaching major hurricane status by 0000 UTC 18September. Thereafter, only slight strengthening occurred through 0000 UTC 19 September whenHumberto passed about 55 n mi northwest of Bermuda with maximum sustained winds of 110 kt.Later that morning after passing to the north of Bermuda, Humberto began acceleratingnortheastward ahead of a broad trough and its associated cold front, with forward speedsincreasing from 15 kt to near 25 kt throughout the day. During this time, the hurricane also begana steady weakening trend due to increasing south-southwesterly vertical wind shear exceeding50 kt and entrainment of very dry mid-level air, despite the otherwise favorable sea-surfacetemperatures in excess of 27°C (Fig. 4).By early on 20 September, the hurricane finally succumbed to the strong vertical shearconditions and became devoid of any deep convection, causing Humberto to become anextratropical cyclone when it was located about 500 n mi south-southwest of Cape Race,Newfoundland. However, the expansive extratropical low continued to produce hurricane- andgale-force winds over a large area until the system merged with a larger extratropical low andfrontal system by 1800 UTC that day more than 300 n mi south-southwest of Cape Race.METEOROLOGICAL STATISTICS Observations in Humberto (Figs. 2 and 3) include subjective satellite-based Dvoraktechnique intensity estimates from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) and theSatellite Analysis Branch (SAB), objective Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT) estimates andSatellite Consensus (SATCON) estimates from the Cooperative Institute for MeteorologicalSatellite Studies/University of Wisconsin-Madison. Observations also include flight-level, steppedfrequency microwave radiometer (SFMR), and dropwindsonde observations from 10 flights by the53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of the U.S. Air Force Reserve Command and 4 flightsby the NOAA Aircraft Operations Center (AOC), including 3 Tail Doppler Radar (TDR) missions,which resulted in a total of 27 center fixes and 7 center fixes, respectively. Data and imagery fromNOAA polar-orbiting satellites including the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), theNASA Global Precipitation Mission (GPM), the European Space Agency’s AdvancedScatterometer (ASCAT), and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, amongothers, were also useful in constructing the best track of Humberto.Selected ship and buoy reports of tropical-storm-force winds, plus other pertinent marineobservations, associated with Humberto are given in Table 2. Selected land-based surfaceobservations are given in Table 3.Hurricane Humberto 4Winds and Pressure Humberto’s estimated maximum intensity of 110 kt between 1800 UTC 18 September and0300 UTC 19 September is based on an average of a reconnaissance aircraft 700-mb flight-levelwind of 121 kt (which equates to an equivalent surface wind speed of 109 kt), SFMR surface windspeeds of 110–113 kt (Fig. 5), dropwindsonde WL150- and MBL-surface equivalent wind speedestimates of 105 and 103 kt, respectively, and UW-CIMSS SATCON satellite intensity estimatesof 112–116 kt. The reconnaissance and dropwindsonde data were collected within a narrow bandof convection in the southern eyewall where SFMR rain rate estimates were 11–15 mm/h (0.43–0.59 in/h). The highest wind speed measured by a dropwindsonde during Humberto’s lifetimewas 138 kt at the 890-mb level at 0249 UTC 19 September (Fig. 6a). This dropwindsonde wasreleased and remained in Humberto’s remnant southern eyewall until the splash time of 0249UTC 19 September (Fig. 6a). The instrument traversed the convection from west to east basedon the positions of the release and splash points being aligned perfectly along a 270-degree (true)direction. Although the sonde measured a surface wind speed of 114 kt, that value is an‘instantaneous’ 2-second sample, which is more representative of a wind gust rather than a 1-minsustained wind.The estimated minimum central pressure of 950 mb from 1800 UTC 18 September to0300 UTC 19 September is based on aircraft dropwindsonde eye reports of pressures of951–952 mb, which were accompanied by surface wind speeds of 10–20 kt. This pressureestimate is consistent with earlier pressure values of 954–955 mb measured by NOAA Buoy40148, located about 240 n mi west of Bermuda, when the center of Hurricane Humberto passedapproximately 6 n mi southeast of the buoy. At 0930 UTC 18 September, a minimum pressurevalue of 954.2 mb was reported, along with a coincident wind speed of 27 kt (4 m ASL), whichindicates that the central pressure at that time was likely around 951 mb (Table 3; Fig. 7).It should be noted that the steady pressure of 950–951 mb from 1800 UTC to 0300 UTC(Fig. 3) suggests that Humberto’s peak tangential winds likely remained steady at around 105 ktbased on various pressure-wind relationship equations. Radar data from Bermuda (Fig. 8)indicate that the eyewall was eroding quickly after 1800 UTC 18 September, and that the peakwinds measured by reconnaissance aircraft and dropwindsonde at 0248 UTC 19 September likelyoccurred in a very narrow eyewall, which is not indicative of an intensifying tropical cyclone,especially one that is approaching category 4 intensity. The additional increase in intensity asmeasured by reconnaissance aircraft was likely due to baroclinic forcing that produced a low-leveljet that may have had some characteristics similar to a “sting jet” that occurs in association withsome deepening extratropical low pressure systems (Browning 2004; Hart et al. 2017).By 1800 UTC 18 September, Humberto had moved into the right-rear entrance region ofan upper-level jet stream wind maximum (Fig. 9, left panel), where an existing transversecirculation (i.e., combined vertical and horizontal circulations; Fig. 9, right panel) was present(Bjerknes 1951). The rapid warming of the air column on the equatorward (southeast) side of thejet stream induced by Humberto’s intense warm core would have resulted in a sharp increase inthe strength of both the jet stream and the transverse circulation (Fig. 10), causing an accelerationof the low-level winds. This enhanced wind phenomenon can be seen in a time series plot ofsurface observations from the Bermuda airport (Fig. 11) late on 18 September where a peak Hurricane Humberto 510-min average wind speed of 71 kt and a gust to 101 kt occurred in conjunction with a sharptemperature decrease of at least 7°C (12°F) between 2328–2331 UTC. The much cooler air waslikely caused by cold downdrafts created by rain evaporating into dry air that was entrained intoHumberto’s southern eyewall. This ‘sting jet’ phenomenon may have persisted for several morehours based on the ‘onion-shaped’ temperature-dewpoint vertical profile shown in the 0249 UTC19 September dropwindsonde data (Fig. 6b) where drier air is noted in the 950–850-mb layer.Typically, the surface temperature in tropical cyclones is warmer than the air aloft unless thesurface layer has been modified by drier and cooler air that descends in convective downdrafts.The highest official wind speeds observed on Bermuda occurred late on 18 September.On the southwestern end of the island at Pearl Island, a 1-min sustained wind of 87 kt and a gustto 107 kt were measured at 2319 UTC 18 September. A 10-min average wind speed of 71 kt anda gust to 101 kt were measured on the northeastern end of the island at the L.F. WadeInternational Airport (TXKF) at 2328 UTC and by the AviMet-12 weather sensor located near thewest end of the runway at 2331 UTC, respectively. At the Bermuda Maritime Operations Centre(MAROPS) located on the north end of the island, a 1-min sustained wind of 94 kt and a gust of125 kt were measured at an elevation of 290 ft (88 m) at 2324 UTC. Reducing that sustained windto a standard 10-m elevation yields an equivalent 1-min wind speed of approximately 78 kt.There was an unofficial report of a 1-min sustained wind of 97 kt and a gust to 145 ktobserved by a private anemometer located on the roof of the Commissioner’s House atCommissioner’s Point (Fig. 12, left panel) at an elevation of 115 ft ASL (35 m). However, there issome uncertainty in the validity of this wind report due to the anemometer being located close tothe top of the building with a hipped-roof, which could cause winds flowing over the structure tobe accelerated by the Bernoulli Effect. Assuming that the wind data are valid, the 97-kt wind speedwould reduce to 89 kt at 10-m elevation.The Crescent Marine Navigation Aid (NAVAID) located offshore along the reef line about8 n mi northwest of Bermuda, measured a 10-min average wind speed of 82 kt and a gust to 113kt at an elevation of 6 m ASL at 2313 UTC (Fig. 12, right panel). Increasing the wind speed toabout 87 kt for a 10-m height (using a logarithmic vertical wind profile), and then adjusting thatvalue to a 1-min wind speed for an open marine exposure yields an equivalent wind speed ofapproximately 96 kt.The lowest reliable pressures on Bermuda occurred on the north end of the island at theairport when Humberto made its closest approach. A pressure of 978.8 mb was measured at 2321UTC 18 September by the AviMet-12 weather sensor, while a pressure of 979.3 mb was observedat the same time by the Bermuda (TXKF) airport official weather observing system (Table 4). Hurricane Humberto 6Storm Surge2 Storm surge values along the east coast of Florida (Table 4) were generally around 1.0 to1.5 ft, resulting in saltwater inundation levels of around 1 ft. On Bermuda, storm surge valueswere around 3 ft, mainly on the west-facing beaches.Rainfall and FloodingRainfall amounts on Bermuda were relatively light compared to most tropical cyclones. Astorm total rainfall of 1.57 inches was measured at the L.F. Wade International Airport (TXKF) on18–19 September. Rainfall amounts across the central and northwestern Bahamas, and the eastcoast of Florida, were less than one inch.CASUALTY AND DAMAGE STATISTICSHurricane Humberto was responsible for two direct deaths3 in the United States. A 22-year old man disappeared after going for a swim in the ocean off St. Augustine Beach, Florida,on 15 September. According to St. Johns County Fire-Rescue, the young man was last seen inthe water about 4 p.m. EDT that day, and was presumed to have drowned. The rough surf andstrong rip currents also resulted in 21 water rescues along the St. Johns County coast during theweekend of 14–15 September, with three people requiring hospitalization. Farther north along theU.S. coast on 18 September, a 62-year old man drowned in Humberto-induced rip currents atTopsail Beach, North Carolina.Humberto caused widespread damage and power outages on Bermuda. Powerful windgusts exceeding 100 kt across all of the island knocked down trees and power lines. Around28,000 customers, or more than 80% of the island’s subscribers, were without power at somepoint during the storm, which included a prolonged communications outage between the BermudaWeather Service and its Doppler weather radar system. The Bermuda Emergency Managementoffice reported that Humberto’s effects caused three structural fires and briefly forced the closure2 Several terms are used to describe water levels due to a storm. Storm surge is defined as the abnormalrise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide, and is expressed interms of height above normal tide levels. Because storm surge represents the deviation from normal waterlevels, it is not referenced to a vertical datum. Storm tide is defined as the water level due to thecombination of storm surge and the astronomical tide, and is expressed in terms of height above a verticaldatum, i.e. the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) or Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW).Inundation is the total water level that occurs on normally dry ground as a result of the storm tide, and isexpressed in terms of height above ground level. At the coast, normally dry land is roughly defined as areashigher than the normal high tide line, or Mean Higher High Water (MHHW).3 Deaths occurring as a direct result of the forces of the tropical cyclone are referred to as “direct” deaths.These would include those persons who drowned in storm surge, rough seas, rip currents, and freshwaterfloods. Direct deaths also include casualties resulting from lightning and wind-related events (e.g.,collapsing structures). Deaths occurring from such factors as heart attacks, house fires, electrocutions fromdowned power lines, vehicle accidents on wet roads, etc., are considered indirect” deaths.Hurricane Humberto 7of “The Causeway”, a road that connects the L.F. Wade International Airport in northern Bermudato the population centers in southern Bermuda, due to possible structural integrity issues.Information obtained from the Aon Re-Insurance Company’s (Aon.com) 2019 AnnualSummary indicate that damage losses on Bermuda caused by Hurricane Dorian, includingdamage to the new airport, exceed $25 million (USD).FORECAST AND WARNING CRITIQUEThe genesis of Humberto was adequately forecast. The wave from which Humbertodeveloped was first introduced in the Tropical Weather Outlook 198 h prior to genesis with a lowprobability of formation (<40%) in both the 48- and 120-h forecast periods (Table 2). However,the disturbance was dropped from the 48-h forecast period (hours shown in parentheses in Table2) when it became apparent that strong vertical wind shear was going to prevent genesis fromoccurring in the short term. The system was re-introduced into the 48-h period with a lowprobability of genesis 72 h before Humberto formed. The genesis probabilities for the disturbancewere increased to the medium category (40–60%) 48 h and 66 h before genesis for the 48- and120-h forecast periods, respectively. The genesis forecasts reached the high category (>60%)30 h and 42 h before genesis occurred for the 48- and 120-h forecast periods, respectively.A verification of NHC official track forecasts for Humberto is given in Table 5a. Officialforecast track errors (OFCL) were lower than the mean official errors for the previous 5-yr period,especially at 96 and 120 h where OFCL errors were about 45% and 30% better than average,respectively. Prior to Humberto being declared a tropical cyclone, Potential Tropical Cyclone(PTC) advisories were issued from 2100 UTC 12 September until 1800 UTC 13 September inanticipation of the disturbance producing tropical-storm-force winds across the northwesternBahamas and the Florida east coast. The OFCL forecasts were poor during the PTC stage, withthe first few advisories predicting landfall in the central and northwestern Bahamas and along theeast coast of the Florida peninsula (Fig. 13). However, moderate southwesterly vertical windshear (Fig. 4) during the PTC stage kept most of the deep convection displaced into thenortheastern portion of the circulation, resulting in the LLCC redeveloping to the east of theforecast tracks. Since the early OFCL forecasts were anticipating landfall, which would causeHumberto to weaken and become a shallow cyclone, they did not expect the storm to movethrough a weakness in the subtropical ridge situated off the southeastern coast of the UnitedStates. However, once Humberto became a tropical cyclone, track forecasts improvedsignificantly, including accurately predicting the pronounced decrease in forward speed and sharpturn toward the northeast when Humberto moved through a break in the ridge axis by early 16September. As a result, cross-track errors were small and no NHC forecasts took the center ofthe hurricane across Bermuda.A homogeneous comparison of the official track errors with selected guidance models isgiven in Table 5b. NHC official track forecasts outperformed all of the guidance models at 96 h,and were bested only slightly by the dynamical models EGRI (UKMET) and HMNI (HMON) atother time periods. The consensus models HCCA, FSSE (Florida State Superensemble), TVCA,TVCX, and TVDG had slightly lower track errors compared to OFCL at 12–48 h, but they were Hurricane Humberto 8significantly lower, by nearly 50%, at 120 h. The EMXI (ECMWF) had uncharacteristically largeerrors at all times, especially at the 72-, 96-, and 120-h periods, which were primarily due to alongtrack errors caused by a positive (fast) forward speed bias.A verification of NHC official intensity forecasts for Humberto is given in Table 6a. Officialforecast intensity errors were lower than the mean official errors for the previous 5-yr period in12–72 h and were greater than the mean errors at the 96- and 120-h periods. The larger-thanaverage errors at days 4 and 5 were due to a negative (low) intensity bias preceding Humberto’speak intensity, as forecasts did not anticipate Humberto’s continued strengthening in the face ofextremely hostile vertical wind shear conditions (Fig. 4) when the hurricane approached Bermuda.A positive (high) intensity bias later occurred due to forecasts not capturing the rapid weakeningtrend after Humberto peaked in intensity while passing to the northeast of Bermuda (Fig. 14).A homogeneous comparison of the official intensity errors with selected guidance modelsis given in Table 6b. NHC official intensity errors were lower than all of the dynamical models atall times, except for the EGRI and HWFI models, which bested OFCL at 12, 72, 96, and 120 h.The corrected-consensus models HCCA and FSSE were equal to or better than OFCL at all times.The global and regional models performed quite well by forecasting continued deepening ofHumberto, likely in response to strong baroclinic forcing when the hurricane was expected toencounter very unfavorable vertical wind shear conditions. However, the deepening process didnot equate to an increase in the eyewall pressure gradient and resultant increase in Humberto’sintensity, owing to the models’ baroclinic-induced pressure falls occurring over a relatively largearea both inside and outside the hurricane’s eye.Watches and warnings associated with Humberto are given in Table 7.A Tropical Storm Warning was issued for the northwestern Bahamas on the first PTCadvisory (2100 UTC 12 September) and a Tropical Storm Watch was issued for portions of theFlorida east coast on the second PTC advisory (0300 UTC 13 September). Due to Humberto’sactual path keeping the cyclone east of rather than through the Bahamas, the Tropical StormWarning for the northwestern Bahamas did not verify. Similarly, the Tropical Storm Watch for theFlorida east coast did not verify even though sustained winds of 32 kt along with wind gusts to 35kt (Table 4) occurred approximately 20 h after the Watch was issued.For Bermuda, the Tropical Storm Watch, Tropical Storm Warning, Hurricane Watch, andHurricane Warning were issued with lead times of approximately 48 h, 32 h, 32 h, and 26 h,respectively, before the arrival of tropical-storm-force winds on the island.Hurricane Humberto 9ReferencesBjerknes, J., 1951: Extratropical cyclones. Compendium of Meteorology, T.F. Malone, Ed., Amer.Meteor. Soc., 577–598.Browning, K.A., 2004: The sting at the end of the tail: Damaging winds associated withextratropical cyclones. Part B. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 130, No.597, 375–398.Hart, N.C.G., S.L. Gray, and P.A. Clark, 2017: Sting-jet windstorms over the North Atlantic:Climatology and contribution to extreme wind risk. J. Climate, 30, 5455–5471.AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks to Senior Hurricane Specialist John Cangialosi for the Humberto ‘besttrack’ map and to the Bermuda Weather Service for the surface observation and radar data fromBermuda. Data from the National Data Buoy Center in Table 3 and Tables 4. Data compiled fromPost-Tropical Cyclone Reports issued by the NWS Forecast Offices (WFO) in Miami andMelbourne, Florida, and the Bahamas Weather Service were also included in this report.Hurricane Humberto 10Table 1. Best track for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC)Latitude(°N)Longitude(°W)Pressure(mb)WindSpeed (kt) Stage12 / 1200 23.0 74.2 1010 25 low12 / 1800 23.4 74.3 1010 25 "13 / 0000 23.8 74.3 1009 25 "13 / 0600 24.2 74.4 1009 25 "13 / 1200 24.7 74.5 1008 30 "13 / 1800 25.2 74.7 1008 30 tropical depression14 / 0000 25.6 75.2 1007 35 tropical storm14 / 0600 26.0 75.9 1006 35 "14 / 1200 26.5 76.5 1004 40 "14 / 1800 27.0 77.0 1003 45 "15 / 0000 27.5 77.3 998 50 "15 / 0600 28.0 77.6 997 50 "15 / 1200 28.6 77.9 995 55 "15 / 1800 29.1 78.1 993 60 "16 / 0000 29.2 77.8 987 65 hurricane16 / 0600 29.5 77.3 982 70 "16 / 1200 29.8 76.7 979 75 "16 / 1800 30.1 76.1 975 75 "17 / 0000 30.3 75.4 966 80 "17 / 0600 30.5 74.7 964 85 "17 / 1200 30.7 73.8 961 90 "17 / 1800 30.9 72.9 956 95 "18 / 0000 31.2 71.6 952 100 "18 / 0600 31.5 70.3 951 105 "18 / 1200 32.0 68.8 951 105 "18 / 1800 32.5 67.2 950 110 "19 / 0000 33.2 65.0 950 110 "19 / 0300 33.8 64.0 950 110 "19 / 0600 34.5 62.9 951 105 "19 / 1200 36.0 60.8 955 95 "19 / 1800 37.7 59.3 961 80 "20 / 0000 39.1 58.5 967 70 extratropical20 / 0600 40.4 58.0 972 60 "20 / 1200 41.5 57.5 977 50 "20 / 1800 dissipated18 / 1800 32.5 67.2 950 110 minimum pressure andmaximum intensityHurricane Humberto 11Table 2. Number of hours in advance of formation associated with the first NHC TropicalWeather Outlook forecast in the indicated likelihood category. Note that the timingsfor the “Low” category do not include forecasts of a 0% chance of genesis. Hoursin parentheses ( ) indicates lead time system was first mentioned in the outlookbefore being removed and then re-entered.Hours Before Genesis48-Hour Outlook 120-Hour OutlookLow (<40%) (198) 72 198Medium (40%-60%) 48 66High (>60%) 30 42Hurricane Humberto 12Table 3. Selected ship and buoy reports during the PTC, tropical, and extratropical stageswith winds of at least 34 kt, except for significant observations, for HurricaneHumberto during the period 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC)Ship callsignLatitude(°N)Longitude(°W)Winddir/speed (kt)Pressure(mb)13 / 0300 3FOC5 26.8 79.4 050 / 37 1013.713 / 0900 3FZO8 24.4 74.3 040 / 35 1011.413 / 1500 H3VU 26.8 79.1 070 / 35 1018.013 / 2200 C6FV9 28.0 80.2 050 / 37 1014.313 / 2300 HPYE 27.9 80.0 050 / 40 1014.214 / 0100 3FZO8 26.3 78.9 050 / 40 1015.614 / 0100 C6FV9 27.4 79.7 050 / 37 1013.914 / 0300 HPYE 27.1 79.3 050 / 37 1014.114 / 0800 HPYE 26.0 78.3 020 / 45 1011.014 / 2200 H3GR 30.1 81.0 050 / 35 1016.815 / 0000 H3GR 29.8 80.7 050 / 35 1015.815 / 0200 3FZO8 28.7 78.5 050 / 35 1014.915 / 0300 3FZO8 28.8 78.2 050 / 35 1013.815 / 0400 VRNY4 27.9 74.2 130 / 35 1014.015 / 0500 3FZO8 28.9 77.5 090 / 43 1012.915 / 0600 3FZO8 29.0 77.2 100 / 40 1013.015 / 1200 3FZO8 29.4 75.7 130 / 45G56 1015.215 / 1340 Buoy 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1003.415 / 1350 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 35 1003.115 / 1400 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1002.215 / 1410 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43G50 1001.815 / 1420 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43G52 1001.615 / 1430 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 43 1001.415 / 1440 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 44 1000.9Hurricane Humberto 1315 / 1450 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 45G55 1000.815 / 1500 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 41G56 1000.815 / 1510 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 37 1000.915 / 1520 41010 28.9 78.5 *** / 35 1001.115 / 1920 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 35 998.715 / 1930 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.515 / 1940 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 39 998.415 / 1950 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.515 / 2000 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 998.115 / 2010 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 39 998.615 / 2020 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 37 998.815 / 2030 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 998.615 / 2040 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 37 999.015 / 2050 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 35 999.315 / 2100 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 35 999.115 / 2110 41010 28.9 78.5 290 / 37 998.415 / 2120 41010 28.9 78.5 300 / 39 998.215 / 2130 41010 28.9 78.5 310 / 39 998.715 / 2140 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 999.015 / 2150 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 37 999.215 / 2200 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 999.515 / 2320 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 1001.415 / 2330 41010 28.9 78.5 320 / 35 1001.516 / 0200 3FFL8 25.9 78.0 180 / 38 1013.916 / 0200 3FOC5 27.4 79.3 280 / 35 1011.416 / 0400 C6FM8 25.6 76.1 220 / 35 1011.016 / 2100 WDD612 30.6 79.6 010 / 35 1011.517 / 0150 Buoy 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.317 / 0240 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.2Hurricane Humberto 1417 / 0250 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.317 / 0350 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 35 1006.217 / 0450 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1005.517 / 0610 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.617 / 0620 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1003.317 / 0630 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.417 / 0640 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 35 1003.317 / 0650 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1003.117 / 0700 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.917 / 0710 41002 31.9 74.9 070 / 39 1002.717 / 0720 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1002.817 / 0730 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.817 / 0740 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.317 / 0750 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1002.517 / 0800 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.017 / 0810 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G50 1001.917 / 0820 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1002.117 / 0828 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 4717 / 0830 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 41G52 1002.217 / 0840 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37G50 1002.217 / 0850 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 41G51 1002.117 / 0900 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.817 / 0910 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 39 1001.917 / 0920 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1001.917 / 0930 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.017 / 0940 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 39G52 1001.717 / 0950 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G51 1001.717 / 1000 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39G50 1001.617 / 1010 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.6Hurricane Humberto 1517 / 1020 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.717 / 1030 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 39 1001.617 / 1040 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.617 / 1050 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37G51 1001.617 / 1100 41002 31.9 74.9 060 / 37 1001.717 / 1110 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.217 / 1120 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.317 / 1130 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.117 / 1140 41002 31.9 74.9 050 / 37 1002.317 / 1150 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 37 1002.617 / 1200 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.217 / 1210 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.617 / 1220 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.817 / 1230 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.917 / 1240 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1002.617 / 1300 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.117 / 1320 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.317 / 1330 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.317 / 1350 41002 31.9 74.9 030 / 35 1003.817 / 1400 41002 31.9 74.9 040 / 35 1003.618 / 0230 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 35 995.118 / 0300 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 35 993.518 / 0310 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 993.518 / 0320 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 39 993.518 / 0330 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 35 993.018 / 0340 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 35 992.718 / 0410 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 990.218 / 0420 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 39 990.418 / 0430 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 41 989.7Hurricane Humberto 1618 / 0440 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 37 989.118 / 0450 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 39 988.718 / 0500 41048 31.8 69.6 130 / 41 987.718 / 0510 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 41 987.418 / 0520 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 45 986.118 / 0530 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 45 984.718 / 0540 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 47 983.918 / 0550 41048 31.8 69.6 120 / 47G64 982.918 / 0600 V7A207 35.4 68.0 070 / 40 1008.518 / 0600 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 49G65 981.418 / 0610 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 49G66 979.818 / 0620 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 51G68 978.318 / 0630 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G70 976.618 / 0640 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 52G73 975.318 / 0650 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 51G65 973.918 / 0700 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 52G71 972.618 / 0710 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G72 971.218 / 0717 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6118 / 0720 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 54G73 969.218 / 0724 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6618 / 0730 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 56G74 967.118 / 0735 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 0740 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G75 964.418 / 0743 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 0748 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 0750 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G77 963.218 / 0754 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6518 / 0800 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 58G75 962.318 / 0802 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 61Hurricane Humberto 1718 / 0810 41048 31.8 69.6 110 / 56G75 961.018 / 0820 41048 31.8 69.6 100 / 54G73 960.118 / 0830 41048 31.8 69.6 090 / 52G70 959.018 / 0840 41048 31.8 69.6 090 / 49G68 957.618 / 0850 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 47G60 955.918 / 0900 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 41G56 955.618 / 0910 41048 31.8 69.6 080 / 39G55 955.018 / 0920 41048 31.8 69.6 070 / 32G47 954.518 / 0930 41048 31.8 69.6 060 / 27G38 954.218 / 0940 41048 31.8 69.6 060 / 30G40 955.218 / 0948 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 2918 / 0950 41048 31.8 69.6 040 / 24G36 955.818 / 1000 41048 31.8 69.6 030 / 37G54 957.118 / 1010 41048 31.8 69.6 010 / 49G78 956.318 / 1020 41048 31.8 69.6 010 / 52G73 959.018 / 1027 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6118 / 1030 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 58G76 961.118 / 1034 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6518 / 1040 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 60G81 963.418 / 1046 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 1050 41048 31.8 69.6 360 / 60G80 967.418 / 1100 C6SE3 36.2 71.9 020 / 37 1017.018 / 1100 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 54G75 969.518 / 1101 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6018 / 1110 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 54G72 971.218 / 1120 41048 31.8 69.6 350 / 57G76 973.018 / 1129 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6618 / 1130 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 59G77 974.518 / 1134 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 62Hurricane Humberto 1818 / 1140 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 58G75 976.418 / 1150 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 56G74 978.018 / 1154 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6318 / 1200 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 57G74 979.818 / 1209 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6418 / 1210 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 58G75 980.718 / 1215 41048 31.8 69.6 *** / 6218 / 1220 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 56G74 982.818 / 1230 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 56G73 984.518 / 1240 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 54G70 986.118 / 1250 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 54G70 987.318 / 1300 3FZO8 27.3 63.3 190 / 35 1012.818 / 1300 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 52G67 988.118 / 1310 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 52G65 989.418 / 1320 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 49G60 990.018 / 1330 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 47 990.418 / 1340 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 990.818 / 1350 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 47 991.218 / 1400 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 991.918 / 1410 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 43 992.318 / 1420 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 45 992.818 / 1430 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 993.518 / 1440 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 993.618 / 1442 Buoy 41047 27.5 71.5 *** / 3518 / 1450 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 994.018 / 1500 41048 31.8 69.6 340 / 41 994.418 / 1510 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 994.918 / 1520 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 995.618 / 1530 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 996.1Hurricane Humberto 1918 / 1540 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 37 996.718 / 1550 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 39 997.018 / 1600 3FZO8 26.8 64.1 190 / 35 1012.518 / 1600 V7WS4 32.8 74.5 030 / 38 1019.418 / 1600 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 41 997.718 / 1610 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 41 998.018 / 1620 41048 31.8 69.6 310 / 39 998.618 / 1630 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 41 998.718 / 1640 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 999.218 / 1650 41048 31.8 69.6 320 / 37 999.618 / 1700 3FZO8 26.6 64.3 190 / 35 1012.018 / 1700 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 39 999.718 / 1710 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 41 999.618 / 1720 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 999.818 / 1730 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.218 / 1740 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.218 / 1750 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1000.318 / 1800 VRSK6 36.0 73.7 350 / 37 1014.018 / 1800 V7A207 37.3 70.3 040 / 50 1011.518 / 1800 Buoy 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1000.618 / 1810 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1000.918 / 1820 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 37 1001.218 / 1830 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1001.318 / 1840 41048 31.8 69.6 330 / 35 1001.519 / 0400 KABP 40.1 62.4 050 / 35 1016.519 / 0500 KABP 40.0 63.0 040 / 40 1016.319 / 0600 KABP 40.0 63.4 040 / 40 1015.319 / 0900 DCPI2 39.3 56.0 090 / 3719 / 1200 DCPI2 39.5 54.8 070 / 40 1011.4Hurricane Humberto 2019 / 1500 DCPI2 39.7 53.5 090 / 40 1010.419 / 1800 DCPI2 39.9 52.3 080 / 36 1013.320 / 1200 9VKQ2 38.9 50.2 060 / 38 1019.020 / 1800 44139 44.2 57.1 050 / 35 1002.0*** = wind direction not availableG = wind gustBuoy averaging periods are 10 minutes; 1-minute average wind denoted by no wind direction (***).Buoys 41010 and 41048 anemometer height = 4.1 m above sea levelBuoy 41002 anemometer height = 3.8 m above sea levelHurricane Humberto 21Table 4. Selected surface observations for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)BermudaInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesL.F. Wade IAP (TXKF)(32.36N 64.68W – elev. 59 ft) 18/1955 990.9 18/1955 3410 m/10 min 4818/2019 989.8 18/2019 3710 m/10 min 5618/2055 989.2 18/2055 3510 m/10 min 5418/2142 985.1 18/2142 4510 m/10 min 6218/2155 985.0 18/2155 4610 m/10 min 6418/2220 984.1 18/2220 4810 m/10 min 7118/2255 982.1 18/2255 5810 m/10 min 7518/2309 982.0 18/2309 5010 m/10 min 7218/2321 979.318/2328 980.0 18/2328 7110 m/10 min 9718/2331 980.0 18/2331 7010 m/10 min 10118/2355 981.0 18/2355 6310 m/10 min 9519/0012 986.1 19/0012 5310 m/10 min 7519/0058 990.9 19/0058 4410 m/10 min 6419/0155 994.9 19/0155 4010 m/10 min 53 1.57AWOSAirport AviMet-1232.366N 64.696W 18/2321 978.8 18/2330 7110 m/10 min 10118/2331 7110 m/10 min 10118/2332 7010 m/10 min 10118/2327 7010 m/10 min 97Airport AviMet-3032.361N 64.666W 18/2335 981.3 18/2331 100Hurricane Humberto 22LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)18/2333 6910 m/10 min 10018/2337 7110 m/10 min 8618/2339 7110 m/10 min 89Crescent (offshore)Marine NAVAID32.42N 64.82W18/2313 826 m/10 min 10118/2316 806 m/10 min 10218/2300 796 m/10 min 11318/2319 796 m/10 min 9818/2303 786 m/10 min 9718/2308 786 m/10 min 9718/2309 786 m/10 min 10018/2355 786 m/10 min 10318/2248 776 m/10 min 10518/2307 776 m/10 min 9318/2320 776 m/10 min 9618/2331 766 m/10 min 10118/2315 756 m/10 min 10118/2254 746 m/10 min 10118/2322 746 m/10 min 10818/2337 736 m/10 min 10318/2311 731m/10 min 10218/2343 706 m/10 min 106ESSO Pier, St. Georges Is.32.37N 64.70W 18/2324 980.2 18/2242 734 m/2 min 3.018/2154 724 m/2 min18/2212 7046 m/2 minHurricane Humberto 23LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)Heliport f32.36N 64.70W 18/2019 5310 m/1 min 6818/2022 5210 m/1 min 7718/2016 5210 m/1 min 6318/2018 5210 m/1 min 7518/2023 5110 m/1 min 74Maritime OperationsCentre (MAROPS)32.38N 64.68W (elev. 290 ft)18/2352 980.0 18/2324 94/1 min 12518/2327 11818/2330 11718/2326 11618/2358 11618/2332 11518/2347 11518/2355 11518/2350 114Pearl Island (near shore)32.29N 64.84W 18/2319 8710 m/1 min 10718/2322 8510 m/1 min 9518/2316 8410 m/1 min 9818/2310 8310 m/1 min 9418/2321 8110 m/1 min 10718/2317 7310 m/1 min 10518/2319 8710 m/1 min 10218/2320 7810 m/1 min 10218/2328 8010 m/1 min 9918/2316 8410 m/1 min 98Hurricane Humberto 24LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)UnofficialCommissioner’s House,National Museum ofBermuda, DockyardWindGuru.cz elev. 115 ft(32.33N 64.83W)18/2322 97/1 min 14518/2318 97/1 min 14518/2320 97/1 min18/2330 97/1 minBahamasInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesGrand Bahama IAP (MYGF)(26.56N 78.70W – elev. 10 ft) 14/2100 1010.8 13/1816 2510 m/10 minCoastal-MarineAutomated Network(C-MAN) SitesSettlement Point GBI(SPGF1) 26.70N 79.00W 15/0800 1010.7 13/2350 247 m/2 min 32FloridaInternational CivilAviation Organization(ICAO) SitesDaytona Beach IAP(KDAB) 29.18N 81.06W 15/1955 1011.8 15/0351 2510 m/2 min 32Mayport Naval Base(KNRB) 30.39N 81.42W 16/0752 1013.2 15/1150 2410 m/2 min 30National Ocean Service(NOS) SitesBlount Island Command(BLIF1) 30.39N 81.52W 16/2248 1014.9 15/1524 209 m/6 min 33Dames Point(DMSF1) 30.40N 81.43W 16/2248 1014.9 1.02 2.45 1.1Fernandina Beach(FRDF1) 30.67N 81.47W 16/2218 1014.3 15/2030 157 m/6 min 24 1.76 3.47 0.7Hurricane Humberto 25LocationMinimum Sea LevelPressureMaximum SurfaceWind SpeedStormsurge(ft)cStormtide(ft)dEstimatedInundation(ft)eTotalrainDate/ (in)time(UTC)Press.(mb)Date/time(UTC)aSustained(kt)bGust(kt)Lake Worth Pier(LWKF1) 26.61N 80.03W 15/2100 1012.3 13/2306 286 m/6 min 35 1.28 1.58 1.0Mayport (Bar Pilots Dock)(MYPF1) 30.40N 81.43W 16/2236 1014.2 15/1200 256 m/6 min 32 1.34 2.93 1.0Southbank Riverwalk, St.Johns River(MSBF1) 30.32N 81.66W0.98 1.78 1.1South Port Everglades(PEGF1) 26.08N 80.12W 15/2042 1011.4 13/2224 326 m/6 min 35 0.87 1.52 1.0Trident Pier, Prt Canaveral(TRDF1) 28.41N 80.59W 15/2012 1012.6 14/1736 217 m/6 min 28 1.32 2.22 1.1Virginia Key, Biscayne Bay(VAKF1) 25.73N 80.16W 15/2100 1011.2 13/1936 2310 m/6 min 31 0.91 1.38 1.2a Date/time is for sustained wind when both sustained and gust are listed. b Except as noted, sustained wind averaging periods for C-MAN and land-based reports are 2 min. c Storm surge is water height above normal astronomical tide level. d For most locations, storm tide is water height above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). Stormtide is water height above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) for NOS stations in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands,and Barbados. e Estimated inundation is the maximum height of water above ground. For some USGS storm tide pressure sensors,inundation is estimated by subtracting the elevation of the sensor from the recorded storm tide. For other USGSstorm tide sensors and USGS high-water marks, inundation is estimated by subtracting the elevation of the landderived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the recorded and measured storm tide. For NOS tide gauges,the height of the water above Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) is used as a proxy for inundation. f Data not available after 2024 UTC 18 September 2019.Hurricane Humberto 26Table 5a. NHC official (OFCL) and climatology-persistence skill baseline (OCD5) trackforecast errors (n mi) for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Meanerrors for the previous 5-yr period are shown for comparison. Official errors thatare smaller than the 5-yr means are shown in boldface type.Forecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 17.5 29.2 44.6 58.8 93.2 75.5 122.8OCD5 36.3 79.3 132.4 190.6 287.9 359.5 424.9Forecasts 23 21 19 17 13 9 5OFCL (2014-18) 23.6 35.5 47.0 61.8 96.0 136.0 179.6OCD5 (2014-18) 44.8 97.6 157.4 220.1 340.7 446.6 536.6Hurricane Humberto 27Table 5b. Homogeneous comparison of selected track forecast guidance models (in n mi)for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Errors smaller than the NHCofficial forecast are shown in boldface type. The number of official forecasts shownhere will generally be smaller than that shown in Table 5a due to the homogeneityrequirement.Model IDForecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 15.5 21.7 38.9 50.6 92.7 82.1 150.0OCD5 29.2 52.8 96.9 153.0 295.9 393.0 522.4GFSI 16.6 30.6 49.7 77.0 143.8 136.4 191.9EMXI 17.6 30.6 54.6 80.2 170.3 264.2 328.8EGRI 11.7 18.4 30.1 37.4 63.5 86.0 182.0CMCI 18.8 36.0 66.8 101.5 210.9 275.8 200.3NVGI 26.6 40.6 63.9 90.4 228.9 436.1 613.6AEMI 17.5 28.7 45.7 69.0 140.4 158.2 344.6HWFI 25.1 41.1 61.5 83.0 126.2 139.4 335.8HMNI 17.3 23.1 35.8 45.5 77.9 140.8 260.9HCCA 13.8 19.3 31.8 44.1 98.3 129.1 127.1FSSE 13.0 15.4 30.5 41.5 87.9 113.5 163.1TVCA 14.7 20.5 34.6 51.5 96.3 84.0 79.4TVCX 14.4 19.8 35.0 49.7 98.8 88.6 68.9TVDG 13.5 17.6 32.7 45.9 90.3 83.0 57.6GFEX 16.0 25.7 47.9 73.1 154.3 199.5 255.6TABD 19.4 20.7 40.6 73.6 189.1 462.7 911.8TABM 27.4 48.5 82.2 115.6 187.9 220.1 253.0TABS 47.7 111.0 191.1 276.9 437.6 670.1 1021.8Forecasts 10 10 10 10 9 6 3 Hurricane Humberto 28Table 6a. NHC official (OFCL) and climatology-persistence skill baseline (OCD5) intensityforecast errors (kt) for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Mean errorsfor the previous 5-yr period are shown for comparison. Official errors that aresmaller than the 5-yr means are shown in boldface type.Forecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 5.2 6.2 5.3 8.5 10.8 17.2 21.0OCD5 8.1 12.1 15.7 19.9 29.2 41.0 40.0Forecasts 23 21 19 17 13 9 5OFCL (2014-18) 5.3 7.9 9.9 11.2 13.3 14.4 14.2OCD5 (2014-18) 6.9 10.9 14.3 17.4 20.9 22.0 22.8Hurricane Humberto 29Table 6b. Homogeneous comparison of selected intensity forecast guidance models (in kt)for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. Errors smaller than the NHCofficial forecast are shown in boldface type. The number of official forecasts shownhere will generally be smaller than that shown in Table 6a due to the homogeneityrequirement.Model IDForecast Period (h)12 24 36 48 72 96 120OFCL 4.0 3.5 4.0 9.0 10.6 15.8 11.7OCD5 4.9 9.7 15.2 20.6 28.9 40.0 34.0GFSI 3.4 5.7 9.2 12.1 15.9 22.0 11.7EMXI 4.9 10.4 19.8 27.5 33.4 37.3 25.0EGRI 3.5 6.0 8.8 9.3 9.2 6.8 7.0CMCI 6.0 9.8 14.2 15.3 22.0 22.0 11.0NVGI 6.3 9.8 16.2 19.4 31.0 34.3 21.0AEMI 9.1 14.6 19.9 23.1 29.8 33.5 29.7HMNI 6.0 9.8 14.6 16.1 17.7 16.5 16.0HWFI 3.2 4.1 7.2 8.6 7.6 7.3 14.3HCCA 3.2 3.3 4.7 6.3 10.9 13.8 6.7FSSE 3.2 3.5 4.8 6.9 5.8 7.8 7.0DSHP 4.1 7.1 12.4 15.7 18.1 23.3 12.7LGEM 4.4 5.9 9.2 12.3 18.6 26.0 18.0ICON 3.8 5.6 9.3 11.9 13.2 18.0 15.3IVCN 3.6 4.9 9.0 12.2 14.1 18.2 13.3IVDR 3.3 5.0 9.1 11.6 14.2 16.8 12.3Forecasts 10 10 10 10 9 6 3 Hurricane Humberto 30Table 7. Watch and warning summary for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019.Date/Time(UTC) Action Location12 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning issued Northwestern Bahamas13 / 0300 Tropical Storm Watch issuedJupiter Inlet to Volusia/BrevardCounty Line, Florida13 / 0900 Tropical Storm Watch modified toJupiter Inlet to Volusia/BrevardCounty Line, Florida14 / 0300 Tropical Storm Watch discontinued All14 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning discontinued All16 / 2100 Tropical Storm Watch issued Bermuda17 / 1200 Tropical Storm Watch changed toTropical Storm Warning Bermuda17 / 1500 Hurricane Watch issued Bermuda17 / 2100 Tropical Storm Warning changed toHurricane Warning Bermuda17 / 2100 Hurricane Watch discontinued Bermuda19 / 0300 Hurricane Warning changed to TropicalStorm Warning Bermuda19 / 0600 Tropical Storm Warning discontinued BermudaHurricane Humberto 31Figure 1. Best track positions for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. The track during the extratropical stage is partially basedon analyses from the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center.Hurricane Humberto 32Figure 2. Selected wind observations and best track maximum sustained surface wind speed curve for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19September 2019. Aircraft observations have been adjusted for elevation using 90%, 83%, and 80% adjustment factors forobservations from 700 mb, 800 mb, and 850 mb, respectively. Dropwindsonde observations include actual 10-m winds (sfc),as well as surface estimates derived from the mean wind over the lowest 150 m of the wind sounding (LLM). Advanced DvorakTechnique estimates represent the Current Intensity at the nominal observation time. SATCON intensity estimates are from theCooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. Dashed vertical lines correspond to 0000 UTC. Hurricane Humberto 33Figure 3. Selected pressure observations and best track minimum central pressure curve for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19 September2019. Advanced Dvorak Technique estimates represent the Current Intensity at the nominal observation time. SATCONintensity estimates are from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. KZC P-W refers to pressure estimatesderived using the Knaff-Zehr-Courtney pressure-wind relationship. Dashed vertical lines correspond to 0000 UTC. Hurricane Humberto 34Figure 4. Time series of Hurricane Humberto’s actual intensity versus GFS-based SHIPS model analyzed environmental parameters:850−200-mb vertical wind shear (G-SHEAR - kt), sea-surface temperature (SST - °C), upper-ocean heat content (UOHC –kJ cm-2), and 700−500-mb average relative humidity (MDLVLRH - %). Direction of vertical wind shear vectors (black dashedarrows) is relative to true north, with north being at the top of the page. Time period covered is from 1200 UTC 30 August to1200 UTC 15 September 2018, which includes Humberto’s Potential Tropical Cyclone stage (red shading). For comparison,the ECMWF-based SHIPS model vertical wind shear values (E-SHEAR - kt) have been included (pink-dashed line). Hurricane Humberto 35Figure 5. Time series plot of Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft flight-level wind speed (kt), SFMR-derived surface wind speed(kt), and SFMR-derived rain rate (mm/h) data collected from 0218-0258 UTC 19 September 2019 while traversing Humberto’seye and eyewall from north to south. A maximum flight-level wind speed of 121 kt and a peak SFMR-derived wind speed of113 kt were sampled at 0248 UTC in the remnant southern eyewall.Hurricane Humberto 36Figure 6. Vertical wind profile (a) and temperature-dewpoint profile (b) from a dropsonde released in the southern eyewall of HurricaneHumberto at 0249 UTC 19 September 2019. Solid red line indicates wind speed and red arrows indicate wind direction relativeto true north (top of page); solid blue line is the ambient temperature and dashed green line is the dewpoint temperature. WL150and MBL are computed from the mean wind speed (kt) in lowest 150 m and lowest 500 m of the dropsonde, respectively. Hurricane Humberto 37Figure 7. Time series plot of surface pressure data (mb) between 0000 UTC and 1800 UTC 18 September 2019 from NOAA Buoy 40148,located 240 n mi west of Bermuda. The center of Hurricane Humberto passed approximately 6 n mi southeast of the buoyaround 0930 UTC 18 September, when a minimum pressure of 954.2 mb was measured. Hurricane Humberto 38Figure 8. Bermuda Weather Service Doppler weather radar reflectivity images (0.5°elevation) at 2249 UTC 18 September (left panel)and 0409 UTC 19 September 2019 (right panel); images are the last and first radar data, respectively, surrounding a prolongedcommunications outage on the island caused by Hurricane Humberto. The splash location of a 0247 UTC 19 Septemberdropsonde is indicated by the red circled-X. An Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft flew through the same location andmeasured moderate rain rates, an indication that the dropsonde passed through the eroding remnant southern eyewall.Hurricane Humberto 39Figure 9. GFS model analysis of the 200-mb height field (dm) at 1800 UTC 18 September 2019; Purple-dashed arrow indicates axis ofmaximum jetstream wind speeds and blue-shaded area depicts region of wind speeds >50 kt (left panel); cross-sectionalschematic diagram (oriented NW-SE through Humberto) illustrating the associated transverse circulation as Humbertoapproached the right-rear jetstream entrance region (right panel).Hurricane Humberto 40Figure 10. GFS model analysis of the 200-mb height field (dm) at 0000 UTC 19 September 2019; Purple-dashed arrow indicates axis ofmaximum jetstream wind speeds and blue-shaded area depicts region of wind speeds >50 kt (left panel); cross-sectionalschematic diagram (oriented NW-SE through Humberto) illustrating the enhanced/increased transverse circulation due toHumberto’s intense warm core superimposed onto the right-rear jetstream entrance region (right panel). Enhancement of thelow-level westerly branch of the transverse circulation likely produced a ‘sting jet’ type wind phenomenon that helped to increaseHumberto’s maximum wind during the time the cyclone’s eyewall was eroding and weakening.Hurricane Humberto 41Figure 11. Time series plot of selected surface observation data from L.F. Wade International Airport, Bermuda (TXKF), during the 48-hperiod 1200 UTC 18 September to 1200 UTC September 2019 during the passage of the southern eyewall of HurricaneHumberto over the island. Note the occurrence of the peak winds (10-min average and gusts) coincident with a sharp drop inthe ambient temperature around 2230 UTC 18 September, indicative of cold downdrafts that are driven by strong evaporativecooling.Hurricane Humberto 42Figure 12. Commissioner’s Point, Bermuda, observation location viewing west (left panel). Anemometer equipment located on the top ofthe roof could have produced accelerated and unrepresentative wind speeds due to the Bernoulli Effect created by air flowingover the hipped-roof on the Commissioner’s House structure. Crescent Beacon NAVAID (right panel) located approximately 8n mi northwest of Bermuda.Hurricane Humberto 43Figure 13. Selected official track forecasts (solid and dashed blue lines, with 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h positions indicated),including the PTC stage, for Hurricane Humberto, 13–19 September 2019. The best track is given by the solid red line withpositions given at 6-h intervals. Hurricane Humberto 44Figure 14. Selected official intensity forecasts (kt, solid blue lines, in 24-h increments) for Hurricane Humberto, 13-19 September 2019.The best track intensity (kt) is denoted by the solid red line with hurricane symbols at 6-h intervals. Intensity forecasts from 1800UTC 12 September until 1200 UTC 13 September were during the PTC stage.
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Dorian, no doubt!
 
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