Nim's Anatomy & Physiology Lessons. (1/? Structural Organisation of the Body)

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Nims

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As part of my ascension, I have taken up the task of teaching myself everything involved with the human body, with a direct focus on the face.
This thread will be part of many explaining basic Anatomy & Physiology.

This thread will have no information about aesthetics and just focus on actual anatomy. & physiology.

Btw I am a Dyslexic lowIQcel so the formatting on this post might be cancer.

This thread is the first of many to come, you must read this thread fully to understand the terms which will be used in the coming threads.

Definitions
Anatomy
the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
Physiology
the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

Basic Anatomical Terms
The Anatomical Position
The body standing forward in a relaxed but upright position, hands to the sides and head palms and eyes facing forward.

Directional Terms
Superior/Cranial (Upper)
  • Towards the Head
Inferior/Caudal (Lower)
  • Away from the head.
Medial
  • Midline of the body
Lateral
  • Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
  • Toward or nearest the trunk, point of origin or part.
Distal
  • Away from or farthest from the truck, point of origin or part.
Anterior/Ventral
  • Front
Posterior/Dorsal
  • Back
Screenshot 2022 08 30 at 125608
These describe/locate the structures of the body.

Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
  • A vertical plane running from side to side divides the body/parts into anterior or posterior portions.

Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
  • A vertical plane running from front to back divides the body/parts into right and left sides.

Axial Plane (Transversal Plane)
  • A horizontal plane running horizontally divides the body/parts into upper and lower parts.
Screenshot 2022 08 30 at 125639
There are two main cavities in the body a large cavity in the ventral part & small cavity in the dorsal part.
1661861439984


Ventral Cavity
The upper part of the ventral cavity is the chest and is commonly referred to as the thoracic cavity.
The lower part of the ventral cavity is the stomach and is called the abdominopelvic cavity.
The abdomen contains a significant amount of organs so its further split into 9 parts sometimes 4 parts.
  • 9 Part split, four planes are needed to divide the abdomen into nine equal sections two lateral lines and two transverse lines (top line is called the transpyloric plane and the lower line is called the transtubercular plane).
    • The top sections are called the superior sections, the middle are referred to as middle and the lower sections are referred to as lower.
    1661861770804
    The other method for dividing the abdominal area consists of using a transverse and mid-sagittal plane, which intersect at the umbilicus (belly button), this gives four sections.
    1661861781793
These two parts are separated by the diaphragm (a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest).

Dorsal Cavity
Like the ventral cavity is divided into two parts.
The cranial cavity (contains your brain, probably hollow for most of you:feelsgood:) & the spinal cavity which contains the spinal cord.

Smallest to Largest
1661862567225

To understand physiology, we must understand things at the most basic level.

Everything is made up of one or many unique elements (iron, calcium etc.)

Atoms
The smallest type of element is an atom, which are made up of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.

Molecules
Two or more atoms together forum a molecule, such as water, which is made up of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.
  • Atoms are the building blocks for everything including your body, atoms form molecules and molecules form cells.
Cells
Cells are the smallest thing that actually has the ability function within something. Everything inside you contains cells. All physiology inside your body is performed by cells or initiated by them.
  • There are many types of cells which vary in function and size.
Every single human cell consists of:
  • A flexible membrane that encloses cytoplasm (a water-based cellular fluid), together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles.
Tissues
Tissues are a group of similar cells, they work together to perform functions specific to that group.

Organs
Organs are composed of two or more tissue types, this forms an anatomic structure.
  • Each organ has one or many specific physiological function which it carries out.
Organ system
Group of organs working together to perform major functions to perform the physiological needs of the body.

Organism
Organisms are the highest of all, they are defined as things that can carry out all physiological functions necessary for life.
  • The Human Organism is an example of this, it contains many things, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems which work together to maintain life.
Some organ systems overlap and perform tasks in multiple systems.
1661863898726

These systems will be explained throughout my lessons.
The body is divided into many different organ systems depending on the function it serves. All systems though have one main function which is to maintain the survival of all cells (continue living).

Your body is in an environment right now, maybe your in a hot country or cold country maybe your underwater or even in space (Idk where chads hangs out).
  • Each environment changes external factors like temperature, humidity etc.
These changes caused by the environment must be controlled by your body internally.
They are controlled by your blood, lymph & tissue fluid which constantly wash your cells protecting them from the current environment you inhabit.
1661864398939



Your body can only function efficiently if all its needs are met, when the correct water levels, heat, food etc are maintained within a specific narrow limit. THis process of balancing your needs is called homeostasis.

Your blood contains many substances for example it contains glucose which is monitored by your body and hormones are released as required to maintain sufficient levels.

Feedback mechanisms
Homeostasis relies on feedback mechanisms, your body has tens of thousands of mechanisms all monitoring what is going on, to help regulate different substances.

There are two types of feedback mechanisms positive and negative.
  • Negative feedback is when a response is opposite to the catalyst.
  • Positive feedback is when a response is the same as a catalyst.
Your body maintains everything but when it becomes imbalanced you will see signs of disorders or disease.
Some stuff that is maintained is you:
  • Body Temperature
  • Blood Pressure
  • Blood Sugar levels
  • pH levels
pH is a scale used to measure how acidic and alkaline something is, 0-7 is acid and 7-14 is alkaline.
Blood must be at a consistent 7.4pH.
If your blood goes below 7.4pH (acidosis) or above 8pH(alkalosis), you will fucking die :hnghn:.
This is because your blood comes into contact with basically every single cell in your body so your body must regulate your pH levels.

In order to maintain pH your body produces substances called buffers which regulate acidity and alkalinity.
  • The lungs and kidneys help maintain your pH as well.
To maintain homeostasis the body also regulates your metabolism.

The hypothalamus is key to maintaining homeostasis.
  • Blood vessels throughout the body have receptors monitoring pressure, temp etc, and send signals to the hypothalamus via the nervous system when it needs to release chemicals to bring about homeostasis
Metabolism is the process is what happens to the food we eat and the air we breathe which converts it to energy.

Metabolism is divided up into two processes.
Catabolism
Chemical breakdown of complex foods into simpler ones, while releasing energy.
Anabolism
This is the construction of complex molecules formed from simpler ones.

Metabolic Rate
This is the rate at which you use energy through activities and bodily functions.

Basal Metabolic Rate
This is the amount of energy your body requires to not die.
You should consider not only the major, common compounds and elements that make up the body but also their role in the physical processes of the body.

Elements and compounds come in three states.
Liquid, Solid, Gas. (Other states arent really relevant as this is a simple overview)

Energy is used to change the state of a compound/element.
When this energy is released its used in different ways:
  • To start chemical processes,
  • To help with movement or for growth,
  • Maintenance and repair
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen, and some trace elements.
Breakdown.
  • 80% Water
  • 15% Protein
  • 3% Fat
  • 1% Carbs
  • 1% Nucleic Acid

The cell
The cell as explained above is the simplest form of life that can survive by itself, and is used to build up the human boy.

Cells have many different types (functions) which all come in different shapes, forms and sizes.
Some fight disease, some transport oxygen, some store nutrience etc.

Cells shapes are different according to the functions it has to perform.
  • Muscle cells are long and thin to be able to stretch and contract.
  • Skin cells are flat to provide waterproof coverage.
1661868456665

Organelles
Little organs, they are molecules combined in specific ways to form the basic components of a cell. Every organelle has a particular functional purpose within the cell.

Although there are a multitude of different cells they all have the same basic structure its easier to think of a cell in three parts:

The outer part (Cell memebrane)
The inner part (Nucleus is located)
Midle part (Cryoplasm housing the organelles)

Also called the plasma membrane this is a semi permeable liquid bi-layer common to all living cells. It contains a variety of biological molecules primarily proteins and lipids and because its semi permeable it can selectively move molecules in and out of the cell.
  • Oxygen protein nutrience and hormones are taken in and cellular waste is recovered.

The nucleus is a highly specialised organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative centre of the cell.

This organelle has two major functions: It stores the cell's deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA and it coordinates the cells activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism protein synthesis and reproduction. The DNA strands are known as chromosomes.

Chromosomes contain genes and a human cell contains 23 maternal chromosomes to duplicate itself making sure the new copy has 46 chromosomes.

Chromatin
  • A substance within the nucleus that contains the generic material
Nucleolus
  • A spherical structure within the nucleus containing ribonucleic acid structures forming ribosomes.
Nuclear membrane
  • the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane similar to the outer membrane allowing material to be moved in and out from the cytoplasm.

Inside the cell membrane is a thick liquid called cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm is composed mostly of water. Its a jelly like liquid. It contains proteins which some are known as enzymes.

Enzymes
Involved in various reactions that occur in the cell such as breaking down nutrients.

Other proteins form a network of filaments that serves as a body in the cell.

The network is called cytoskeleton and allows the cell to change shape and move. Substances that are not water-soluble form droplets in the cytoplasm.

The cytoplasm contains several small structures or parts that the cell needs to survive. Each part has its special task and can be likened to the body organs.

These miniature organs as mentioned before are called organelles.

  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosome
Cells have to be able to carry out a variety of functions in order to survive.
CBA to go super in detail as this is starting to get a little boring don't like cells all that much so just 1 word answers, maybe I will come back and add more detail.

Cell Respiration
  • To carry out metabolism every cell requires oxygen.
Cell Growth
  • Cells must grow until they are ready to reproduce.
Cell Waste
  • Metabolism provides a variety of waste material which is removed.
Movement within the Cell
  • Self-explanatory.
Cell Stimulus and Irritability
  • Cells can respond to chemicals, physical or thermal stimulus.
Cell Reproduction
  • When growth is finished cells divide through a process called mitosis.

Lifecycle of the cell
Cell division happens through mitosis and meiosis.
Everything starts as a single cell, that cell divides and becomes many cells, through a process called mitosis

Mitosis the generic material is carried on to two daughter cells identical to the OG cel. This is the way the body carries out growth and repair. The nucleus divides in four phases:

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
This is then followed by the division of the cytoplasm to form the daughter cells.

Some cells live for years some days, depends on that bad boys function.
1661869703912


The genetic material forms chromosomes. During prophase the nuclear membrane begins to break up and disappear. The nucleolus also disappears as the chromosomes form. A system of microtubules form a mitotic spindle at opposite ends of the cell.
The chromosomes all line up in the centre of the cel
The spindle fibers shorten and centromeres divide separating the pair of chromosomes the chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.
The final stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to reappear the mitotic spindle breaks up and the chromosomes uncoil two daughter cells are now present.
Production of a a new organism formed from four unique daughter cells, each containing half the chromosome of the original. This is the fusion of male sperm and a female egg.

The sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes each. after fertilisation, the fusion contains 46 chromosomes, forming a zygote. Zygote is capable of reproducing itself through mitosis forming an embryo that grows into a foetus and later a fully formed human being/creature.
Cells must respirate to survive. All cells survival are dependant on the generation of energy and transportation of substances within and between cells.

A healthy environment for the cell includes the maintenance of a stable internal enviroment.

Which can be achieved if there is no excessive build up of chemicals.

Respiration = exchange of nutrients and waste: Oxygen and glucose in - Carbon dioxide out.

- explain about how bloodstreams and cells are linked through interstital fluid.
Diffusion happens when there is a too high concentration of chemicals outside a cell, small molecules will begin to flow through the cell membrane until a balance is achieved.
When water moves across the semi-permeable membrane from a higher area of concentration of solute to a lower concentration of soluble or vise versa to maintain balance.
In active transport substances are moved against their concentration gradients by carrier proteins.

Carrier molecules from within the cell attach themselves to molecules which would otherwise be too large to enter in enough quantities. Then they rotate around them and release them into the cell.
Sometimes cells arrange themselves in thin layers and substances and can move between the cell. These layers or membranes work the same way as filters.
  • Filters Sort substances based on size.
The force the drives hydrostatic pressure. In order to move substances through a filter they must move from an area of high pressure to lower pressure.
The body contains a lot of filters for example capillaries and kidneys.

Tissues
Tissues are a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function.
The four major types of tissues in the human body are:
Epithelial tissue
  • Provides a protective layer for internal and external body surfaces.
Connective tissue
  • Binds, supports and protects the body and organs.
Muscle tissue
  • Gives us movement
Nervous tissue
  • Instigates and transmits nerve impulses.
1661871268841
Tissue that covers other structures, therefore one side is always exposed to the outside which could still be inside the body. Epithelial tissue covers the inside of body cavities and organs.

The outer or superficial portion of your skin is an epithelial tissue.

Epithelial tissue does not have a blood supply, therefore nutrients must enter the tissue by diffusion.

Epithelial tissue anchors to other structures via a basement membrane.

There are two categories of epithelial tissue:
  • Simple - Single layer
  • Compound - Multiple
A simple epithelial tissue is fragile and thin. You find it internally in the lining of the heart. It has advantages in speed there are four different types of simple epithelial.
1661871569301
Consists of two or more layers of cells which protect underlying formations. These cells are divided into two types of epithelia.
  • Stratified
  • Transitional
A stratified epithelium consists of a number of cells at the deeper level these are mainly columnar but the closer to the surface you get the more flattened they become.

Types of Stratified
Found on wet surfaces that get a lot of use like the conjunctive of the eye the lining of the mouth.
Found on dry surfaces, like hair skin and nails. The top layer consists of dead skin cells which protect the deeper cells and prevent them from drying out.

These cells are continually replensished.
Consists of several layers of pear-shaped cells which can change shape when they are stretched. You'll find this tissue in the uterus bladder and pelvis of the kidneys.
Connective Tissue is the most abundant type in the body it connects and joins tissue and organs parts of the body together, and it protects and supports. COnnective tissue contains fibroblasts and fiber made of protein.
1661872137996


Connective tissue cells are more often separated from each other and not close together like the epithelial cells, and the space between the cells is filled with a non-living matrix which may contain fibres that are either a viscous consistency or solid and inflexible depending on the position and function of the tissue.
There are three types of cartilage:
  • Hyaline
  • White fibrous
  • yellow Elastic
Muscle tissue is elastic and unique in that it can provide movement when it shortens through contraction. Muscle tissue is made up of bundles of contractile fibres surrounded by connective tissue. There are three types
  • Voluntary Tissue (Skeletal)
  • Involuntary Tissue (Smooth tissue)
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
Muscles will be discussed more when we go over the muscle organ system.
Nervous tissue consists of neurone cells which pick up and transmit electrical signals by converting stimuli into nerve impulses.

Characteristics of nervous tissue are excitability and conductivity its function is to regulate and coordinate body activity.
There are three types of membranes in the body:
  • Mucous
  • Synovial
  • Serous
- maybe discuss pathologies of cells and tumors.

In the next lesson we can go into detail on the skin and hair and then maybe discuss bones and the skeletal system.

inb4 - "dnr"/"tldr" - I don't care.
inb4 - "Just copy and paste something theory" - Obviously a lot of this is not my own words no normal person knows all this shit just in their head, this is taken from many sites and reworded in a better format.
 
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Reported for masstagging :soy:
 
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Tagged the whole forum for high school biology.
 
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read everything already
 
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Add some pictures this is boring as fuck bro

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one sec im getting a phd in medicine so women will sleep with me
 
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good thread OP but I am too low IQ to read and understand what is written
This thread is the first of many to come, you must read this thread fully to understand the terms which will be used in the coming threads.

Definitions
Anatomy

Physiology

Basic Anatomical Terms
The Anatomical Position
The body standing forward in a relaxed but upright position, hands to the sides and head palms and eyes facing forward.

Directional Terms
Superior/Cranial (Upper)
  • Towards the Head
Inferior/Caudal (Lower)
  • Away from the head.
Medial
  • Midline of the body
Lateral
  • Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
  • Toward or nearest the trunk, point of origin or part.
Distal
  • Away from or farthest from the truck, point of origin or part.
Anterior/Ventral
  • Front
Posterior/Dorsal
  • Back
View attachment 1844905
These describe/locate the structures of the body.

Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
  • A vertical plane running from side to side divides the body/parts into anterior or posterior portions.

Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
  • A vertical plane running from front to back divides the body/parts into right and left sides.

Axial Plane (Transversal Plane)
  • A horizontal plane running horizontally divides the body/parts into upper and lower parts.
View attachment 1844907
There are two main cavities in the body a large cavity in the ventral part & small cavity in the dorsal part.
View attachment 1844914

Ventral Cavity
The upper part of the ventral cavity is the chest and is commonly referred to as the thoracic cavity.
The lower part of the ventral cavity is the stomach and is called the abdominopelvic cavity.
The abdomen contains a significant amount of organs so its further split into 9 parts sometimes 4 parts.
  • 9 Part split, four planes are needed to divide the abdomen into nine equal sections two lateral lines and two transverse lines (top line is called the transpyloric plane and the lower line is called the transtubercular plane).
    • The top sections are called the superior sections, the middle are referred to as middle and the lower sections are referred to as lower.
    View attachment 1844920
    The other method for dividing the abdominal area consists of using a transverse and mid-sagittal plane, which intersect at the umbilicus (belly button), this gives four sections.
    View attachment 1844921
These two parts are separated by the diaphragm (a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest).

Dorsal Cavity
Like the ventral cavity is divided into two parts.
The cranial cavity (contains your brain, probably hollow for most of you:feelsgood:) & the spinal cavity which contains the spinal cord.

Smallest to Largest
View attachment 1844935
To understand physiology, we must understand things at the most basic level.

Everything is made up of one or many unique elements (iron, calcium etc.)

Atoms
The smallest type of element is an atom, which are made up of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.

Molecules
Two or more atoms together forum a molecule, such as water, which is made up of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.
  • Atoms are the building blocks for everything including your body, atoms form molecules and molecules form cells.
Cells
Cells are the smallest thing that actually has the ability function within something. Everything inside you contains cells. All physiology inside your body is performed by cells or initiated by them.
  • There are many types of cells which vary in function and size.
Every single human cell consists of:
  • A flexible membrane that encloses cytoplasm (a water-based cellular fluid), together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles.
Tissues
Tissues are a group of similar cells, they work together to perform functions specific to that group.

Organs
Organs are composed of two or more tissue types, this forms an anatomic structure.
  • Each organ has one or many specific physiological function which it carries out.
Organ system
Group of organs working together to perform major functions to perform the physiological needs of the body.

Organism
Organisms are the highest of all, they are defined as things that can carry out all physiological functions necessary for life.
  • The Human Organism is an example of this, it contains many things, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems which work together to maintain life.
Some organ systems overlap and perform tasks in multiple systems.
View attachment 1844974
These systems will be explained throughout my lessons.
The body is divided into many different organ systems depending on the function it serves. All systems though have one main function which is to maintain the survival of all cells (continue living).

Your body is in an environment right now, maybe your in a hot country or cold country maybe your underwater or even in space (Idk where chads hangs out).
  • Each environment changes external factors like temperature, humidity etc.
These changes caused by the environment must be controlled by your body internally.
They are controlled by your blood, lymph & tissue fluid which constantly wash your cells protecting them from the current environment you inhabit.
View attachment 1844997


Your body can only function efficiently if all its needs are met, when the correct water levels, heat, food etc are maintained within a specific narrow limit. THis process of balancing your needs is called homeostasis.

Your blood contains many substances for example it contains glucose which is monitored by your body and hormones are released as required to maintain sufficient levels.

Feedback mechanisms
Homeostasis relies on feedback mechanisms, your body has tens of thousands of mechanisms all monitoring what is going on, to help regulate different substances.

There are two types of feedback mechanisms positive and negative.
  • Negative feedback is when a response is opposite to the catalyst.
  • Positive feedback is when a response is the same as a catalyst.
Your body maintains everything but when it becomes imbalanced you will see signs of disorders or disease.
Some stuff that is maintained is you:
  • Body Temperature
  • Blood Pressure
  • Blood Sugar levels
  • pH levels
pH is a scale used to measure how acidic and alkaline something is, 0-7 is acid and 7-14 is alkaline.
Blood must be at a consistent 7.4pH.
If your blood goes below 7.4pH (acidosis) or above 8pH(alkalosis), you will fucking die :hnghn:.
This is because your blood comes into contact with basically every single cell in your body so your body must regulate your pH levels.

In order to maintain pH your body produces substances called buffers which regulate acidity and alkalinity.
  • The lungs and kidneys help maintain your pH as well.
To maintain homeostasis the body also regulates your metabolism.

The hypothalamus is key to maintaining homeostasis.
  • Blood vessels throughout the body have receptors monitoring pressure, temp etc, and send signals to the hypothalamus via the nervous system when it needs to release chemicals to bring about homeostasis
Metabolism is the process is what happens to the food we eat and the air we breathe which converts it to energy.

Metabolism is divided up into two processes.
Catabolism
Chemical breakdown of complex foods into simpler ones, while releasing energy.
Anabolism
This is the construction of complex molecules formed from simpler ones.

Metabolic Rate
This is the rate at which you use energy through activities and bodily functions.

Basal Metabolic Rate
This is the amount of energy your body requires to not die.
You should consider not only the major, common compounds and elements that make up the body but also their role in the physical processes of the body.

Elements and compounds come in three states.
Liquid, Solid, Gas. (Other states arent really relevant as this is a simple overview)

Energy is used to change the state of a compound/element.
When this energy is released its used in different ways:
  • To start chemical processes,
  • To help with movement or for growth,
  • Maintenance and repair
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen, and some trace elements.
Breakdown.
  • 80% Water
  • 15% Protein
  • 3% Fat
  • 1% Carbs
  • 1% Nucleic Acid

The cell
The cell as explained above is the simplest form of life that can survive by itself, and is used to build up the human boy.

Cells have many different types (functions) which all come in different shapes, forms and sizes.
Some fight disease, some transport oxygen, some store nutrience etc.

Cells shapes are different according to the functions it has to perform.
  • Muscle cells are long and thin to be able to stretch and contract.
  • Skin cells are flat to provide waterproof coverage.
View attachment 1845067
Organelles
Little organs, they are molecules combined in specific ways to form the basic components of a cell. Every organelle has a particular functional purpose within the cell.

Although there are a multitude of different cells they all have the same basic structure its easier to think of a cell in three parts:

The outer part (Cell memebrane)
The inner part (Nucleus is located)
Midle part (Cryoplasm housing the organelles)

Also called the plasma membrane this is a semi permeable liquid bi-layer common to all living cells. It contains a variety of biological molecules primarily proteins and lipids and because its semi permeable it can selectively move molecules in and out of the cell.
  • Oxygen protein nutrience and hormones are taken in and cellular waste is recovered.

The nucleus is a highly specialised organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative centre of the cell.

This organelle has two major functions: It stores the cell's deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA and it coordinates the cells activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism protein synthesis and reproduction. The DNA strands are known as chromosomes.

Chromosomes contain genes and a human cell contains 23 maternal chromosomes to duplicate itself making sure the new copy has 46 chromosomes.

Chromatin
  • A substance within the nucleus that contains the generic material
Nucleolus
  • A spherical structure within the nucleus containing ribonucleic acid structures forming ribosomes.
Nuclear membrane
  • the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane similar to the outer membrane allowing material to be moved in and out from the cytoplasm.

Inside the cell membrane is a thick liquid called cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm is composed mostly of water. Its a jelly like liquid. It contains proteins which some are known as enzymes.

Enzymes
Involved in various reactions that occur in the cell such as breaking down nutrients.

Other proteins form a network of filaments that serves as a body in the cell.

The network is called cytoskeleton and allows the cell to change shape and move. Substances that are not water-soluble form droplets in the cytoplasm.

The cytoplasm contains several small structures or parts that the cell needs to survive. Each part has its special task and can be likened to the body organs.

These miniature organs as mentioned before are called organelles.

  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosome
Cells have to be able to carry out a variety of functions in order to survive.
CBA to go super in detail as this is starting to get a little boring don't like cells all that much so just 1 word answers, maybe I will come back and add more detail.

Cell Respiration
  • To carry out metabolism every cell requires oxygen.
Cell Growth
  • Cells must grow until they are ready to reproduce.
Cell Waste
  • Metabolism provides a variety of waste material which is removed.
Movement within the Cell
  • Self-explanatory.
Cell Stimulus and Irritability
  • Cells can respond to chemicals, physical or thermal stimulus.
Cell Reproduction
  • When growth is finished cells divide through a process called mitosis.

Lifecycle of the cell
Cell division happens through mitosis and meiosis.
Everything starts as a single cell, that cell divides and becomes many cells, through a process called mitosis

Mitosis the generic material is carried on to two daughter cells identical to the OG cel. This is the way the body carries out growth and repair. The nucleus divides in four phases:

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
This is then followed by the division of the cytoplasm to form the daughter cells.

Some cells live for years some days, depends on that bad boys function.
View attachment 1845092

The genetic material forms chromosomes. During prophase the nuclear membrane begins to break up and disappear. The nucleolus also disappears as the chromosomes form. A system of microtubules form a mitotic spindle at opposite ends of the cell.
The chromosomes all line up in the centre of the cel
The spindle fibers shorten and centromeres divide separating the pair of chromosomes the chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.
The final stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to reappear the mitotic spindle breaks up and the chromosomes uncoil two daughter cells are now present.
Production of a a new organism formed from four unique daughter cells, each containing half the chromosome of the original. This is the fusion of male sperm and a female egg.

The sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes each. after fertilisation, the fusion contains 46 chromosomes, forming a zygote. Zygote is capable of reproducing itself through mitosis forming an embryo that grows into a foetus and later a fully formed human being/creature.
Cells must respirate to survive. All cells survival are dependant on the generation of energy and transportation of substances within and between cells.

A healthy environment for the cell includes the maintenance of a stable internal enviroment.

Which can be achieved if there is no excessive build up of chemicals.

Respiration = exchange of nutrients and waste: Oxygen and glucose in - Carbon dioxide out.

- explain about how bloodstreams and cells are linked through interstital fluid.
Diffusion happens when there is a too high concentration of chemicals outside a cell, small molecules will begin to flow through the cell membrane until a balance is achieved.
When water moves across the semi-permeable membrane from a higher area of concentration of solute to a lower concentration of soluble or vise versa to maintain balance.
In active transport substances are moved against their concentration gradients by carrier proteins.

Carrier molecules from within the cell attach themselves to molecules which would otherwise be too large to enter in enough quantities. Then they rotate around them and release them into the cell.
Sometimes cells arrange themselves in thin layers and substances and can move between the cell. These layers or membranes work the same way as filters.
  • Filters Sort substances based on size.
The force the drives hydrostatic pressure. In order to move substances through a filter they must move from an area of high pressure to lower pressure.
The body contains a lot of filters for example capillaries and kidneys.

Tissues
Tissues are a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function.
The four major types of tissues in the human body are:
Epithelial tissue
  • Provides a protective layer for internal and external body surfaces.
Connective tissue
  • Binds, supports and protects the body and organs.
Muscle tissue
  • Gives us movement
Nervous tissue
  • Instigates and transmits nerve impulses.
View attachment 1845112
Tissue that covers other structures, therefore one side is always exposed to the outside which could still be inside the body. Epithelial tissue covers the inside of body cavities and organs.

The outer or superficial portion of your skin is an epithelial tissue.

Epithelial tissue does not have a blood supply, therefore nutrients must enter the tissue by diffusion.

Epithelial tissue anchors to other structures via a basement membrane.

There are two categories of epithelial tissue:
  • Simple - Single layer
  • Compound - Multiple
A simple epithelial tissue is fragile and thin. You find it internally in the lining of the heart. It has advantages in speed there are four different types of simple epithelial.
View attachment 1845115
Consists of two or more layers of cells which protect underlying formations. These cells are divided into two types of epithelia.
  • Stratified
  • Transitional
A stratified epithelium consists of a number of cells at the deeper level these are mainly columnar but the closer to the surface you get the more flattened they become.

Types of Stratified
Found on wet surfaces that get a lot of use like the conjunctive of the eye the lining of the mouth.
Found on dry surfaces, like hair skin and nails. The top layer consists of dead skin cells which protect the deeper cells and prevent them from drying out.

These cells are continually replensished.
Consists of several layers of pear-shaped cells which can change shape when they are stretched. You'll find this tissue in the uterus bladder and pelvis of the kidneys.
Connective Tissue is the most abundant type in the body it connects and joins tissue and organs parts of the body together, and it protects and supports. COnnective tissue contains fibroblasts and fiber made of protein.
View attachment 1845170

Connective tissue cells are more often separated from each other and not close together like the epithelial cells, and the space between the cells is filled with a non-living matrix which may contain fibres that are either a viscous consistency or solid and inflexible depending on the position and function of the tissue.
There are three types of cartilage:
  • Hyaline
  • White fibrous
  • yellow Elastic
Muscle tissue is elastic and unique in that it can provide movement when it shortens through contraction. Muscle tissue is made up of bundles of contractile fibres surrounded by connective tissue. There are three types
  • Voluntary Tissue (Skeletal)
  • Involuntary Tissue (Smooth tissue)
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
Muscles will be discussed more when we go over the muscle organ system.
Nervous tissue consists of neurone cells which pick up and transmit electrical signals by converting stimuli into nerve impulses.

Characteristics of nervous tissue are excitability and conductivity its function is to regulate and coordinate body activity.
There are three types of membranes in the body:
  • Mucous
  • Synovial
  • Serous
- maybe discuss pathologies of cells and tumors.

In the next lesson we can go into detail on the skin and hair and then maybe discuss bones and the skeletal system.

inb4 - "dnr"/"tldr" - I don't care.
inb4 - "Just copy and paste something theory" - Obviously a lot of this is not my own words no normal person knows all this shit just in their head, this is taken from many sites and reworded in a better format.
 
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thansk for tagging me brocel :love:
 
Gonna read some of it later.
Maybe.
 
Tagged the whole forum for high school biology.
Its one of many threads boyo. I cant just go too in-depth. without explain the basics this thread explains what the human body is made off now I can go a little more in-depth on next post.
 
good thread OP but I am too low IQ to read and understand what is written
This thread is the first of many to come, you must read this thread fully to understand the terms which will be used in the coming threads.

Definitions
Anatomy

Physiology

Basic Anatomical Terms
The Anatomical Position
The body standing forward in a relaxed but upright position, hands to the sides and head palms and eyes facing forward.

Directional Terms
Superior/Cranial (Upper)
  • Towards the Head
Inferior/Caudal (Lower)
  • Away from the head.
Medial
  • Midline of the body
Lateral
  • Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
  • Toward or nearest the trunk, point of origin or part.
Distal
  • Away from or farthest from the truck, point of origin or part.
Anterior/Ventral
  • Front
Posterior/Dorsal
  • Back
View attachment 1844905
These describe/locate the structures of the body.

Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
  • A vertical plane running from side to side divides the body/parts into anterior or posterior portions.

Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
  • A vertical plane running from front to back divides the body/parts into right and left sides.

Axial Plane (Transversal Plane)
  • A horizontal plane running horizontally divides the body/parts into upper and lower parts.
View attachment 1844907
There are two main cavities in the body a large cavity in the ventral part & small cavity in the dorsal part.
View attachment 1844914

Ventral Cavity
The upper part of the ventral cavity is the chest and is commonly referred to as the thoracic cavity.
The lower part of the ventral cavity is the stomach and is called the abdominopelvic cavity.
The abdomen contains a significant amount of organs so its further split into 9 parts sometimes 4 parts.
  • 9 Part split, four planes are needed to divide the abdomen into nine equal sections two lateral lines and two transverse lines (top line is called the transpyloric plane and the lower line is called the transtubercular plane).
    • The top sections are called the superior sections, the middle are referred to as middle and the lower sections are referred to as lower.
    View attachment 1844920
    The other method for dividing the abdominal area consists of using a transverse and mid-sagittal plane, which intersect at the umbilicus (belly button), this gives four sections.
    View attachment 1844921
These two parts are separated by the diaphragm (a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest).

Dorsal Cavity
Like the ventral cavity is divided into two parts.
The cranial cavity (contains your brain, probably hollow for most of you:feelsgood:) & the spinal cavity which contains the spinal cord.

Smallest to Largest
View attachment 1844935
To understand physiology, we must understand things at the most basic level.

Everything is made up of one or many unique elements (iron, calcium etc.)

Atoms
The smallest type of element is an atom, which are made up of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.

Molecules
Two or more atoms together forum a molecule, such as water, which is made up of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.
  • Atoms are the building blocks for everything including your body, atoms form molecules and molecules form cells.
Cells
Cells are the smallest thing that actually has the ability function within something. Everything inside you contains cells. All physiology inside your body is performed by cells or initiated by them.
  • There are many types of cells which vary in function and size.
Every single human cell consists of:
  • A flexible membrane that encloses cytoplasm (a water-based cellular fluid), together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles.
Tissues
Tissues are a group of similar cells, they work together to perform functions specific to that group.

Organs
Organs are composed of two or more tissue types, this forms an anatomic structure.
  • Each organ has one or many specific physiological function which it carries out.
Organ system
Group of organs working together to perform major functions to perform the physiological needs of the body.

Organism
Organisms are the highest of all, they are defined as things that can carry out all physiological functions necessary for life.
  • The Human Organism is an example of this, it contains many things, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems which work together to maintain life.
Some organ systems overlap and perform tasks in multiple systems.
View attachment 1844974
These systems will be explained throughout my lessons.
The body is divided into many different organ systems depending on the function it serves. All systems though have one main function which is to maintain the survival of all cells (continue living).

Your body is in an environment right now, maybe your in a hot country or cold country maybe your underwater or even in space (Idk where chads hangs out).
  • Each environment changes external factors like temperature, humidity etc.
These changes caused by the environment must be controlled by your body internally.
They are controlled by your blood, lymph & tissue fluid which constantly wash your cells protecting them from the current environment you inhabit.
View attachment 1844997


Your body can only function efficiently if all its needs are met, when the correct water levels, heat, food etc are maintained within a specific narrow limit. THis process of balancing your needs is called homeostasis.

Your blood contains many substances for example it contains glucose which is monitored by your body and hormones are released as required to maintain sufficient levels.

Feedback mechanisms
Homeostasis relies on feedback mechanisms, your body has tens of thousands of mechanisms all monitoring what is going on, to help regulate different substances.

There are two types of feedback mechanisms positive and negative.
  • Negative feedback is when a response is opposite to the catalyst.
  • Positive feedback is when a response is the same as a catalyst.
Your body maintains everything but when it becomes imbalanced you will see signs of disorders or disease.
Some stuff that is maintained is you:
  • Body Temperature
  • Blood Pressure
  • Blood Sugar levels
  • pH levels
pH is a scale used to measure how acidic and alkaline something is, 0-7 is acid and 7-14 is alkaline.
Blood must be at a consistent 7.4pH.
If your blood goes below 7.4pH (acidosis) or above 8pH(alkalosis), you will fucking die :hnghn:.
This is because your blood comes into contact with basically every single cell in your body so your body must regulate your pH levels.

In order to maintain pH your body produces substances called buffers which regulate acidity and alkalinity.
  • The lungs and kidneys help maintain your pH as well.
To maintain homeostasis the body also regulates your metabolism.

The hypothalamus is key to maintaining homeostasis.
  • Blood vessels throughout the body have receptors monitoring pressure, temp etc, and send signals to the hypothalamus via the nervous system when it needs to release chemicals to bring about homeostasis
Metabolism is the process is what happens to the food we eat and the air we breathe which converts it to energy.

Metabolism is divided up into two processes.
Catabolism
Chemical breakdown of complex foods into simpler ones, while releasing energy.
Anabolism
This is the construction of complex molecules formed from simpler ones.

Metabolic Rate
This is the rate at which you use energy through activities and bodily functions.

Basal Metabolic Rate
This is the amount of energy your body requires to not die.
You should consider not only the major, common compounds and elements that make up the body but also their role in the physical processes of the body.

Elements and compounds come in three states.
Liquid, Solid, Gas. (Other states arent really relevant as this is a simple overview)

Energy is used to change the state of a compound/element.
When this energy is released its used in different ways:
  • To start chemical processes,
  • To help with movement or for growth,
  • Maintenance and repair
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen, and some trace elements.
Breakdown.
  • 80% Water
  • 15% Protein
  • 3% Fat
  • 1% Carbs
  • 1% Nucleic Acid

The cell
The cell as explained above is the simplest form of life that can survive by itself, and is used to build up the human boy.

Cells have many different types (functions) which all come in different shapes, forms and sizes.
Some fight disease, some transport oxygen, some store nutrience etc.

Cells shapes are different according to the functions it has to perform.
  • Muscle cells are long and thin to be able to stretch and contract.
  • Skin cells are flat to provide waterproof coverage.
View attachment 1845067
Organelles
Little organs, they are molecules combined in specific ways to form the basic components of a cell. Every organelle has a particular functional purpose within the cell.

Although there are a multitude of different cells they all have the same basic structure its easier to think of a cell in three parts:

The outer part (Cell memebrane)
The inner part (Nucleus is located)
Midle part (Cryoplasm housing the organelles)

Also called the plasma membrane this is a semi permeable liquid bi-layer common to all living cells. It contains a variety of biological molecules primarily proteins and lipids and because its semi permeable it can selectively move molecules in and out of the cell.
  • Oxygen protein nutrience and hormones are taken in and cellular waste is recovered.

The nucleus is a highly specialised organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative centre of the cell.

This organelle has two major functions: It stores the cell's deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA and it coordinates the cells activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism protein synthesis and reproduction. The DNA strands are known as chromosomes.

Chromosomes contain genes and a human cell contains 23 maternal chromosomes to duplicate itself making sure the new copy has 46 chromosomes.

Chromatin
  • A substance within the nucleus that contains the generic material
Nucleolus
  • A spherical structure within the nucleus containing ribonucleic acid structures forming ribosomes.
Nuclear membrane
  • the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane similar to the outer membrane allowing material to be moved in and out from the cytoplasm.

Inside the cell membrane is a thick liquid called cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm is composed mostly of water. Its a jelly like liquid. It contains proteins which some are known as enzymes.

Enzymes
Involved in various reactions that occur in the cell such as breaking down nutrients.

Other proteins form a network of filaments that serves as a body in the cell.

The network is called cytoskeleton and allows the cell to change shape and move. Substances that are not water-soluble form droplets in the cytoplasm.

The cytoplasm contains several small structures or parts that the cell needs to survive. Each part has its special task and can be likened to the body organs.

These miniature organs as mentioned before are called organelles.

  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosome
Cells have to be able to carry out a variety of functions in order to survive.
CBA to go super in detail as this is starting to get a little boring don't like cells all that much so just 1 word answers, maybe I will come back and add more detail.

Cell Respiration
  • To carry out metabolism every cell requires oxygen.
Cell Growth
  • Cells must grow until they are ready to reproduce.
Cell Waste
  • Metabolism provides a variety of waste material which is removed.
Movement within the Cell
  • Self-explanatory.
Cell Stimulus and Irritability
  • Cells can respond to chemicals, physical or thermal stimulus.
Cell Reproduction
  • When growth is finished cells divide through a process called mitosis.

Lifecycle of the cell
Cell division happens through mitosis and meiosis.
Everything starts as a single cell, that cell divides and becomes many cells, through a process called mitosis

Mitosis the generic material is carried on to two daughter cells identical to the OG cel. This is the way the body carries out growth and repair. The nucleus divides in four phases:

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
This is then followed by the division of the cytoplasm to form the daughter cells.

Some cells live for years some days, depends on that bad boys function.
View attachment 1845092

The genetic material forms chromosomes. During prophase the nuclear membrane begins to break up and disappear. The nucleolus also disappears as the chromosomes form. A system of microtubules form a mitotic spindle at opposite ends of the cell.
The chromosomes all line up in the centre of the cel
The spindle fibers shorten and centromeres divide separating the pair of chromosomes the chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.
The final stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to reappear the mitotic spindle breaks up and the chromosomes uncoil two daughter cells are now present.
Production of a a new organism formed from four unique daughter cells, each containing half the chromosome of the original. This is the fusion of male sperm and a female egg.

The sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes each. after fertilisation, the fusion contains 46 chromosomes, forming a zygote. Zygote is capable of reproducing itself through mitosis forming an embryo that grows into a foetus and later a fully formed human being/creature.
Cells must respirate to survive. All cells survival are dependant on the generation of energy and transportation of substances within and between cells.

A healthy environment for the cell includes the maintenance of a stable internal enviroment.

Which can be achieved if there is no excessive build up of chemicals.

Respiration = exchange of nutrients and waste: Oxygen and glucose in - Carbon dioxide out.

- explain about how bloodstreams and cells are linked through interstital fluid.
Diffusion happens when there is a too high concentration of chemicals outside a cell, small molecules will begin to flow through the cell membrane until a balance is achieved.
When water moves across the semi-permeable membrane from a higher area of concentration of solute to a lower concentration of soluble or vise versa to maintain balance.
In active transport substances are moved against their concentration gradients by carrier proteins.

Carrier molecules from within the cell attach themselves to molecules which would otherwise be too large to enter in enough quantities. Then they rotate around them and release them into the cell.
Sometimes cells arrange themselves in thin layers and substances and can move between the cell. These layers or membranes work the same way as filters.
  • Filters Sort substances based on size.
The force the drives hydrostatic pressure. In order to move substances through a filter they must move from an area of high pressure to lower pressure.
The body contains a lot of filters for example capillaries and kidneys.

Tissues
Tissues are a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function.
The four major types of tissues in the human body are:
Epithelial tissue
  • Provides a protective layer for internal and external body surfaces.
Connective tissue
  • Binds, supports and protects the body and organs.
Muscle tissue
  • Gives us movement
Nervous tissue
  • Instigates and transmits nerve impulses.
View attachment 1845112
Tissue that covers other structures, therefore one side is always exposed to the outside which could still be inside the body. Epithelial tissue covers the inside of body cavities and organs.

The outer or superficial portion of your skin is an epithelial tissue.

Epithelial tissue does not have a blood supply, therefore nutrients must enter the tissue by diffusion.

Epithelial tissue anchors to other structures via a basement membrane.

There are two categories of epithelial tissue:
  • Simple - Single layer
  • Compound - Multiple
A simple epithelial tissue is fragile and thin. You find it internally in the lining of the heart. It has advantages in speed there are four different types of simple epithelial.
View attachment 1845115
Consists of two or more layers of cells which protect underlying formations. These cells are divided into two types of epithelia.
  • Stratified
  • Transitional
A stratified epithelium consists of a number of cells at the deeper level these are mainly columnar but the closer to the surface you get the more flattened they become.

Types of Stratified
Found on wet surfaces that get a lot of use like the conjunctive of the eye the lining of the mouth.
Found on dry surfaces, like hair skin and nails. The top layer consists of dead skin cells which protect the deeper cells and prevent them from drying out.

These cells are continually replensished.
Consists of several layers of pear-shaped cells which can change shape when they are stretched. You'll find this tissue in the uterus bladder and pelvis of the kidneys.
Connective Tissue is the most abundant type in the body it connects and joins tissue and organs parts of the body together, and it protects and supports. COnnective tissue contains fibroblasts and fiber made of protein.
View attachment 1845170

Connective tissue cells are more often separated from each other and not close together like the epithelial cells, and the space between the cells is filled with a non-living matrix which may contain fibres that are either a viscous consistency or solid and inflexible depending on the position and function of the tissue.
There are three types of cartilage:
  • Hyaline
  • White fibrous
  • yellow Elastic
Muscle tissue is elastic and unique in that it can provide movement when it shortens through contraction. Muscle tissue is made up of bundles of contractile fibres surrounded by connective tissue. There are three types
  • Voluntary Tissue (Skeletal)
  • Involuntary Tissue (Smooth tissue)
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
Muscles will be discussed more when we go over the muscle organ system.
Nervous tissue consists of neurone cells which pick up and transmit electrical signals by converting stimuli into nerve impulses.

Characteristics of nervous tissue are excitability and conductivity its function is to regulate and coordinate body activity.
There are three types of membranes in the body:
  • Mucous
  • Synovial
  • Serous
- maybe discuss pathologies of cells and tumors.

In the next lesson we can go into detail on the skin and hair and then maybe discuss bones and the skeletal system.

inb4 - "dnr"/"tldr" - I don't care.
inb4 - "Just copy and paste something theory" - Obviously a lot of this is not my own words no normal person knows all this shit just in their head, this is taken from many sites and reworded in a better format.
 
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Reactions: Nims
I like informative threads like these OP. Keep them coming. Saved and repped. Will read later.
 
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  • Woah
Reactions: Deleted member 15827, Nims and BugeyeBigNoseCurry
thx for tagging fellow manlet
 
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Appreciate it. But the only time anatomy is relevant to looksmaxxing is when you're trying to inject homemade research chemical blend and not die
 
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ok so how doi grow at 43
 
Great thread. Leaving this here to read when im not wanking
 
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The illustrated female models could have used nipples, the long ones. And dumbo ear flaps on the vaginas. And the males, longer and thicker dicks. Perhaps, to be more realistic, add a dripping effect from the urethral opening. As if he got excited having people examine him for your illustration.

Make those notes!
 
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  • +1
Reactions: Deleted member 15827
I was bored but tbh this was a waste of time I should have researched something else tbh.

This only took like 1-2 hours tho.
What are the upcoming threads anout I’ll read if you tell what’s the point of just reading freshman medical school content Jfl
 
Idk what to research tho. Maybe look into Tinder ELO or smth I'm not sure. I could also maybe make some threads on some surgeries I wanna do. Or maybe I should just do some of my UNI work.
 
What are the upcoming threads anout I’ll read if you tell what’s the point of just reading freshman medical school content Jfl
Tbh I got no idea just bored and wanted to do something. But I probably wont continue bothering with this anatomy shit. It was a waste of 2 hours tbh.

Maybe I will do it Idk but making the post wasn't really worth it as it took longer than the research.

-

I just wanna improve my intelligence and thought maybe re-reading some of my old school shit would help give me a pick me up. idk.

Maybe I'll make a thread on buccal fat removal or TPD/EASE expansion.
 
Last edited:
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fellow ukcel checking in:ogre:
 
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I might instead start making book summeries or smth I really should read more tbh.
What are the upcoming threads anout I’ll read if you tell what’s the point of just reading freshman medical school content Jfl
 
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Absolutely brutal if you made the same thread in old looksmaxx you would of got atleast 10 reacts by now and there would of been 2 pages already
 
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Absolutely brutal if you made the same thread in old looksmaxx you would of got atleast 10 reacts by now and there would of been 2 pages already
You think its a half decent thread? Should I make part 2?
 
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You think its a half decent thread? Should I make part 2?
Ye we used to make similar threads to this back in the day
 
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Even a little mention of you @....
1661886221167
 
1661887820298

I know your lurking. @....
 
.
 
Last edited:
This thread is the first of many to come, you must read this thread fully to understand the terms which will be used in the coming threads.

Definitions
Anatomy

Physiology

Basic Anatomical Terms
The Anatomical Position
The body standing forward in a relaxed but upright position, hands to the sides and head palms and eyes facing forward.

Directional Terms
Superior/Cranial (Upper)
  • Towards the Head
Inferior/Caudal (Lower)
  • Away from the head.
Medial
  • Midline of the body
Lateral
  • Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
  • Toward or nearest the trunk, point of origin or part.
Distal
  • Away from or farthest from the truck, point of origin or part.
Anterior/Ventral
  • Front
Posterior/Dorsal
  • Back
View attachment 1844905
These describe/locate the structures of the body.

Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
  • A vertical plane running from side to side divides the body/parts into anterior or posterior portions.

Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
  • A vertical plane running from front to back divides the body/parts into right and left sides.

Axial Plane (Transversal Plane)
  • A horizontal plane running horizontally divides the body/parts into upper and lower parts.
View attachment 1844907
There are two main cavities in the body a large cavity in the ventral part & small cavity in the dorsal part.
View attachment 1844914

Ventral Cavity
The upper part of the ventral cavity is the chest and is commonly referred to as the thoracic cavity.
The lower part of the ventral cavity is the stomach and is called the abdominopelvic cavity.
The abdomen contains a significant amount of organs so its further split into 9 parts sometimes 4 parts.
  • 9 Part split, four planes are needed to divide the abdomen into nine equal sections two lateral lines and two transverse lines (top line is called the transpyloric plane and the lower line is called the transtubercular plane).
    • The top sections are called the superior sections, the middle are referred to as middle and the lower sections are referred to as lower.
    View attachment 1844920
    The other method for dividing the abdominal area consists of using a transverse and mid-sagittal plane, which intersect at the umbilicus (belly button), this gives four sections.
    View attachment 1844921
These two parts are separated by the diaphragm (a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest).

Dorsal Cavity
Like the ventral cavity is divided into two parts.
The cranial cavity (contains your brain, probably hollow for most of you:feelsgood:) & the spinal cavity which contains the spinal cord.

Smallest to Largest
View attachment 1844935
To understand physiology, we must understand things at the most basic level.

Everything is made up of one or many unique elements (iron, calcium etc.)

Atoms
The smallest type of element is an atom, which are made up of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.

Molecules
Two or more atoms together forum a molecule, such as water, which is made up of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.
  • Atoms are the building blocks for everything including your body, atoms form molecules and molecules form cells.
Cells
Cells are the smallest thing that actually has the ability function within something. Everything inside you contains cells. All physiology inside your body is performed by cells or initiated by them.
  • There are many types of cells which vary in function and size.
Every single human cell consists of:
  • A flexible membrane that encloses cytoplasm (a water-based cellular fluid), together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles.
Tissues
Tissues are a group of similar cells, they work together to perform functions specific to that group.

Organs
Organs are composed of two or more tissue types, this forms an anatomic structure.
  • Each organ has one or many specific physiological function which it carries out.
Organ system
Group of organs working together to perform major functions to perform the physiological needs of the body.

Organism
Organisms are the highest of all, they are defined as things that can carry out all physiological functions necessary for life.
  • The Human Organism is an example of this, it contains many things, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems which work together to maintain life.
Some organ systems overlap and perform tasks in multiple systems.
View attachment 1844974
These systems will be explained throughout my lessons.
The body is divided into many different organ systems depending on the function it serves. All systems though have one main function which is to maintain the survival of all cells (continue living).

Your body is in an environment right now, maybe your in a hot country or cold country maybe your underwater or even in space (Idk where chads hangs out).
  • Each environment changes external factors like temperature, humidity etc.
These changes caused by the environment must be controlled by your body internally.
They are controlled by your blood, lymph & tissue fluid which constantly wash your cells protecting them from the current environment you inhabit.
View attachment 1844997


Your body can only function efficiently if all its needs are met, when the correct water levels, heat, food etc are maintained within a specific narrow limit. THis process of balancing your needs is called homeostasis.

Your blood contains many substances for example it contains glucose which is monitored by your body and hormones are released as required to maintain sufficient levels.

Feedback mechanisms
Homeostasis relies on feedback mechanisms, your body has tens of thousands of mechanisms all monitoring what is going on, to help regulate different substances.

There are two types of feedback mechanisms positive and negative.
  • Negative feedback is when a response is opposite to the catalyst.
  • Positive feedback is when a response is the same as a catalyst.
Your body maintains everything but when it becomes imbalanced you will see signs of disorders or disease.
Some stuff that is maintained is you:
  • Body Temperature
  • Blood Pressure
  • Blood Sugar levels
  • pH levels
pH is a scale used to measure how acidic and alkaline something is, 0-7 is acid and 7-14 is alkaline.
Blood must be at a consistent 7.4pH.
If your blood goes below 7.4pH (acidosis) or above 8pH(alkalosis), you will fucking die :hnghn:.
This is because your blood comes into contact with basically every single cell in your body so your body must regulate your pH levels.

In order to maintain pH your body produces substances called buffers which regulate acidity and alkalinity.
  • The lungs and kidneys help maintain your pH as well.
To maintain homeostasis the body also regulates your metabolism.

The hypothalamus is key to maintaining homeostasis.
  • Blood vessels throughout the body have receptors monitoring pressure, temp etc, and send signals to the hypothalamus via the nervous system when it needs to release chemicals to bring about homeostasis
Metabolism is the process is what happens to the food we eat and the air we breathe which converts it to energy.

Metabolism is divided up into two processes.
Catabolism
Chemical breakdown of complex foods into simpler ones, while releasing energy.
Anabolism
This is the construction of complex molecules formed from simpler ones.

Metabolic Rate
This is the rate at which you use energy through activities and bodily functions.

Basal Metabolic Rate
This is the amount of energy your body requires to not die.
You should consider not only the major, common compounds and elements that make up the body but also their role in the physical processes of the body.

Elements and compounds come in three states.
Liquid, Solid, Gas. (Other states arent really relevant as this is a simple overview)

Energy is used to change the state of a compound/element.
When this energy is released its used in different ways:
  • To start chemical processes,
  • To help with movement or for growth,
  • Maintenance and repair
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen, and some trace elements.
Breakdown.
  • 80% Water
  • 15% Protein
  • 3% Fat
  • 1% Carbs
  • 1% Nucleic Acid

The cell
The cell as explained above is the simplest form of life that can survive by itself, and is used to build up the human boy.

Cells have many different types (functions) which all come in different shapes, forms and sizes.
Some fight disease, some transport oxygen, some store nutrience etc.

Cells shapes are different according to the functions it has to perform.
  • Muscle cells are long and thin to be able to stretch and contract.
  • Skin cells are flat to provide waterproof coverage.
View attachment 1845067
Organelles
Little organs, they are molecules combined in specific ways to form the basic components of a cell. Every organelle has a particular functional purpose within the cell.

Although there are a multitude of different cells they all have the same basic structure its easier to think of a cell in three parts:

The outer part (Cell memebrane)
The inner part (Nucleus is located)
Midle part (Cryoplasm housing the organelles)

Also called the plasma membrane this is a semi permeable liquid bi-layer common to all living cells. It contains a variety of biological molecules primarily proteins and lipids and because its semi permeable it can selectively move molecules in and out of the cell.
  • Oxygen protein nutrience and hormones are taken in and cellular waste is recovered.

The nucleus is a highly specialised organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative centre of the cell.

This organelle has two major functions: It stores the cell's deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA and it coordinates the cells activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism protein synthesis and reproduction. The DNA strands are known as chromosomes.

Chromosomes contain genes and a human cell contains 23 maternal chromosomes to duplicate itself making sure the new copy has 46 chromosomes.

Chromatin
  • A substance within the nucleus that contains the generic material
Nucleolus
  • A spherical structure within the nucleus containing ribonucleic acid structures forming ribosomes.
Nuclear membrane
  • the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane similar to the outer membrane allowing material to be moved in and out from the cytoplasm.

Inside the cell membrane is a thick liquid called cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm is composed mostly of water. Its a jelly like liquid. It contains proteins which some are known as enzymes.

Enzymes
Involved in various reactions that occur in the cell such as breaking down nutrients.

Other proteins form a network of filaments that serves as a body in the cell.

The network is called cytoskeleton and allows the cell to change shape and move. Substances that are not water-soluble form droplets in the cytoplasm.

The cytoplasm contains several small structures or parts that the cell needs to survive. Each part has its special task and can be likened to the body organs.

These miniature organs as mentioned before are called organelles.

  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosome
Cells have to be able to carry out a variety of functions in order to survive.
CBA to go super in detail as this is starting to get a little boring don't like cells all that much so just 1 word answers, maybe I will come back and add more detail.

Cell Respiration
  • To carry out metabolism every cell requires oxygen.
Cell Growth
  • Cells must grow until they are ready to reproduce.
Cell Waste
  • Metabolism provides a variety of waste material which is removed.
Movement within the Cell
  • Self-explanatory.
Cell Stimulus and Irritability
  • Cells can respond to chemicals, physical or thermal stimulus.
Cell Reproduction
  • When growth is finished cells divide through a process called mitosis.

Lifecycle of the cell
Cell division happens through mitosis and meiosis.
Everything starts as a single cell, that cell divides and becomes many cells, through a process called mitosis

Mitosis the generic material is carried on to two daughter cells identical to the OG cel. This is the way the body carries out growth and repair. The nucleus divides in four phases:

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
This is then followed by the division of the cytoplasm to form the daughter cells.

Some cells live for years some days, depends on that bad boys function.
View attachment 1845092

The genetic material forms chromosomes. During prophase the nuclear membrane begins to break up and disappear. The nucleolus also disappears as the chromosomes form. A system of microtubules form a mitotic spindle at opposite ends of the cell.
The chromosomes all line up in the centre of the cel
The spindle fibers shorten and centromeres divide separating the pair of chromosomes the chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.
The final stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to reappear the mitotic spindle breaks up and the chromosomes uncoil two daughter cells are now present.
Production of a a new organism formed from four unique daughter cells, each containing half the chromosome of the original. This is the fusion of male sperm and a female egg.

The sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes each. after fertilisation, the fusion contains 46 chromosomes, forming a zygote. Zygote is capable of reproducing itself through mitosis forming an embryo that grows into a foetus and later a fully formed human being/creature.
Cells must respirate to survive. All cells survival are dependant on the generation of energy and transportation of substances within and between cells.

A healthy environment for the cell includes the maintenance of a stable internal enviroment.

Which can be achieved if there is no excessive build up of chemicals.

Respiration = exchange of nutrients and waste: Oxygen and glucose in - Carbon dioxide out.

- explain about how bloodstreams and cells are linked through interstital fluid.
Diffusion happens when there is a too high concentration of chemicals outside a cell, small molecules will begin to flow through the cell membrane until a balance is achieved.
When water moves across the semi-permeable membrane from a higher area of concentration of solute to a lower concentration of soluble or vise versa to maintain balance.
In active transport substances are moved against their concentration gradients by carrier proteins.

Carrier molecules from within the cell attach themselves to molecules which would otherwise be too large to enter in enough quantities. Then they rotate around them and release them into the cell.
Sometimes cells arrange themselves in thin layers and substances and can move between the cell. These layers or membranes work the same way as filters.
  • Filters Sort substances based on size.
The force the drives hydrostatic pressure. In order to move substances through a filter they must move from an area of high pressure to lower pressure.
The body contains a lot of filters for example capillaries and kidneys.

Tissues
Tissues are a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function.
The four major types of tissues in the human body are:
Epithelial tissue
  • Provides a protective layer for internal and external body surfaces.
Connective tissue
  • Binds, supports and protects the body and organs.
Muscle tissue
  • Gives us movement
Nervous tissue
  • Instigates and transmits nerve impulses.
View attachment 1845112
Tissue that covers other structures, therefore one side is always exposed to the outside which could still be inside the body. Epithelial tissue covers the inside of body cavities and organs.

The outer or superficial portion of your skin is an epithelial tissue.

Epithelial tissue does not have a blood supply, therefore nutrients must enter the tissue by diffusion.

Epithelial tissue anchors to other structures via a basement membrane.

There are two categories of epithelial tissue:
  • Simple - Single layer
  • Compound - Multiple
A simple epithelial tissue is fragile and thin. You find it internally in the lining of the heart. It has advantages in speed there are four different types of simple epithelial.
View attachment 1845115
Consists of two or more layers of cells which protect underlying formations. These cells are divided into two types of epithelia.
  • Stratified
  • Transitional
A stratified epithelium consists of a number of cells at the deeper level these are mainly columnar but the closer to the surface you get the more flattened they become.

Types of Stratified
Found on wet surfaces that get a lot of use like the conjunctive of the eye the lining of the mouth.
Found on dry surfaces, like hair skin and nails. The top layer consists of dead skin cells which protect the deeper cells and prevent them from drying out.

These cells are continually replensished.
Consists of several layers of pear-shaped cells which can change shape when they are stretched. You'll find this tissue in the uterus bladder and pelvis of the kidneys.
Connective Tissue is the most abundant type in the body it connects and joins tissue and organs parts of the body together, and it protects and supports. COnnective tissue contains fibroblasts and fiber made of protein.
View attachment 1845170

Connective tissue cells are more often separated from each other and not close together like the epithelial cells, and the space between the cells is filled with a non-living matrix which may contain fibres that are either a viscous consistency or solid and inflexible depending on the position and function of the tissue.
There are three types of cartilage:
  • Hyaline
  • White fibrous
  • yellow Elastic
Muscle tissue is elastic and unique in that it can provide movement when it shortens through contraction. Muscle tissue is made up of bundles of contractile fibres surrounded by connective tissue. There are three types
  • Voluntary Tissue (Skeletal)
  • Involuntary Tissue (Smooth tissue)
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
Muscles will be discussed more when we go over the muscle organ system.
Nervous tissue consists of neurone cells which pick up and transmit electrical signals by converting stimuli into nerve impulses.

Characteristics of nervous tissue are excitability and conductivity its function is to regulate and coordinate body activity.
There are three types of membranes in the body:
  • Mucous
  • Synovial
  • Serous
- maybe discuss pathologies of cells and tumors.

In the next lesson we can go into detail on the skin and hair and then maybe discuss bones and the skeletal system.

inb4 - "dnr"/"tldr" - I don't care.
inb4 - "Just copy and paste something theory" - Obviously a lot of this is not my own words no normal person knows all this shit just in their head, this is taken from many sites and reworded in a better format.
Are you a med student?
 
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Thanks for bumping thread btw I think I'll update this tommorow its kinda lacking in a few sections and I should make part 2 tbh.
 
release part 2 ngl i need to study biology cause i have a college admission test soon
 
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Within the enchanted forest of whimsy, trees whisper secrets to the wind while mushrooms host tea parties for woodland creatures. Meanwhile, a mischievous gnome plays pranks on unsuspecting travelers by rearranging their shoelaces into elaborate knots.
 

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