Wasting_my_life
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Sure but its effects are localised. You’re not gonna see its effects on face by injecting in abdomen
Sure but its effects are localised. You’re not gonna see its effects on face by injecting in abdomen
afghanincel
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walrus
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GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix, while other atoms are stronger and stick together better,
other atoms, like those in water or air, are like super strong blocks that hold together really well
. They don’t like to change as much, so they are usually more stable.
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113
In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…www.sciencedirect.com
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
tldr ngl but good ass thread what are benefits of not using bac water
afkaik
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how to inject in my face without risking it? or only do this post microneedling?
jeffery132525
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Even got the work cited 
TheMaxxerr
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whe
where and how do you inject it please
GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
where and how do you inject it please
Fraxxx
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BOTB thread on how to
Fraxxx
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Would a serum like this sourced from china work (even at lower bioavailability) or is utter cope? Ik injecting is better
slaters
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Wish he could come back
Fraxxx
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Bump? I have found different source for 1%, 3% and even 10% GHK-CU with 5% AHK-CU combined.
Anyone got any experience on 10% one? GPT says it’s way overdosed and somewhat risky. Plan to use on skincare and hair. Looking for someone on topical that got benefits and at what %.
Thanks
jsbera
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it did
jsbera
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topical didnt gave you the results you wanted?
nr1fraudmaxxer
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GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
Is this a good source?: https://www.fulmenpharma.to/ghk-cu/
And for PBS:
DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium | BI Media LPS | Sartorius
Maintain cell culture media with DPBS, a chemically-defined, balanced salt solution. DPBS without calcium and magnesium is ideal for trypsin solutions. Discover the benefits of DPBS today. | Sartorius
Stacyslayerᛉ
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@UtahParentCenterPSL ur old pfp in th thread lol. also thougt you might wanna read this
4ever
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You need to make sure the DPBS is injection grade. I have access to sterile PBS but sterile doesn't mean endo/ exotoxins have been removed.
iambald22
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GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
DR
n3urotyp3
Iron
- Joined
- May 25, 2024
- Posts
- 4
- Reputation
- 0
GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
kebmmeg
Iron
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The linked PBS source has an open top though. You moment you open, it is contaminated and no longer suitable to be injected, even if it comes sterile. Has anyone found a PBS in a vial source?
Yousif2g
IBlameAce
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You figure anything out about facial injections? Im also looking into it and seems like the safest area is around the zygo
afkaik
Silver
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yup im thinkin the same thing my ghk-cu got seized though
, subcutaneous injections seem optimal
Yousif2g
IBlameAce
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brutal broyup im thinkin the same thing my ghk-cu got seized though
, how many mg got seized? and yea I think ima just grab a good bit of skin around my zygo and go in at a 90 degree angle and shouldnt hit anything.
afkaik
Silver
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id research further but i heard from a friend theh do systwmic injections, it was like 10 vials of 75mgbrutal bro
Yousif2g
IBlameAce
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Damn that ain’t too bad if you ordered from a good source, some of these sources charge like 40 bucks for 50mg it’s hilarious
, but yea I am indeed doing more research on it but the zygos do appear to be the safest area
futureashtray
caylee cowan > your oneitis
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because retards would rather inject themselves instead of just using the topical cream. In one of the images you showed, some idiot said he did 20mg for 50 fucking days. dumbass just wants to get cancer
This isn’t trt, it’s a fucking skincare peptide.
you don’t have to inject it at all unless you actually have really shit skin quality. Humans already have an average of 200 ng/ml in their body at all times which is more than enough (should be)
6foot3Mediterranean
Bronze
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side effects?
no fucking way im injecting some shit I bought on aliexpress though
no fucking way im injecting some shit I bought on aliexpress though
theübermenschboy
IJWM
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- Oct 29, 2024
- Posts
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- 738
GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
Extremely HIGH IQ thread . Keep em coming
dürsti
Iron
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this thread evolved org
dürsti
Iron
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rarely any besides the pain if you use BAC water but he explained all of it already. Keep in mind GHK-CU often helps with the redness from acne not the acne itself
L
Lipcel
Iron
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Where would i get the best one? Regarding effectiveness/price.
Aryan Incel
𝕸𝖊𝖗𝖈𝖊𝖓𝖆𝖗𝖞 𝕮𝖔𝖗𝖕
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Make it yourself
L
Lipcel
Iron
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how would you make it?
Chm
Iron
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GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
As a higher risk tolerance guy I took this shit at 2-3mg a day and I started to feel really light but my skin looked amazing and I noticed facial hair growing fuller in particular. Very pleasant would recommend at like 1mg a day or 2mg every other day. W diagrams and graphs and everything I really enjoyed looking over them
zorlau
Iron
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no, jus pierce the plastic with a needle if u that scared it would be contaminated when u open it jfl
MastR
?
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GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
Bro made me a fan.
sxmeer
Iron
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MindOfBeni
Silver
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I inject 5mg ED and I get no negatives no stinging nothing with BAC water.
Should I switch to PBS? And is it going to make my eyes darker from more copper.
Should I switch to PBS? And is it going to make my eyes darker from more copper.
Son of gigachad
certified eyelash mogger
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amazing thread brother , as someone who researched just about any supplement/peptide that exist, ghk cu is truly a silver bullet on paper for health Maxxing and looksmaxing. the amount of crucial genes it upregulates and downregulates is insane, and the way it drops as we age does suggest potential causality in aging itself once you understand its mechanistics, and with special emphasis on glycosaminoglycans and glycocalyx, but also bioavailable copper at the center of bioenergetics. AI also told me about PBS when i did my own research, but do you agree it is safe intranasally? alternatively , what about nanoliposomes by liposense sold by mcsformulas in the netherlands? seems promising even orally mechanistically no?
T
truelarping
Goyim
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ppl pin ts every single day of their lives with bac water like us and get 0 injection site reaction of any kind. something seems off abt this
flxtasy
Iron
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What dose did you start with? I tried to start at 2mg but had an aching pain the entire next day at the injection site. I lowered dosage to .6 mg for 2 pins and then 1mg, after switching to to 2mg everyday injections however the injection site pain has been completely gone.
R
Reggie Carter
Iron
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So ghkcu with bac water is useless compared to Dpbs? And does injecting it to the face do any better
svureSS
Iron
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Holy bookmark
K
KellSS
ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤLow Inhib Rapist
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Shut the Fuck up little nigga
ihateevb
Saving money for chin
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GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
Dnr, but saved it for later
sub3dingleberry
Iron
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- Nov 28, 2025
- Posts
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- 6
GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
Thx twin
D
Deleted member 272941
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GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
Bump
oska_blnn
Bronze
- Joined
- Oct 28, 2024
- Posts
- 436
- Reputation
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GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
mirin
sillyguy5
Iron
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great post, very informative
santahaisex
greycel
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GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
good thread also interesting
you recommend ts?
3tky
True greycel larper
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GHK-Cu, on paper, seems to be the single best looksmaxxing compound there is (perfect skin, anti-aging, surgery recovery, neurogenesis⁹,¹¹ etc)¹, yet no one seems to be reaping any of its benefits. What’s even more bizarre is that injection-related pain is massively reported, more consistently so than its supposed benefits².
Quickly, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide isolated from human plasma³, which possesses a high affinity for copper (II) ions, with which it spontaneously forms a complex (GHK-Cu). GHK alone has been shown to be responsible for the collagen boost⁴ and no injection-related pain has been reported with it⁵, so go for it if you want but it's the added copper that is responsible for this myriad of blessings;
EXAMPLES :
The complex, unlike GHK alone, helps activate matrix metalloproteinases, which break down damaged tissue so it can be replaced with healthy tissue⁶.
View attachment 3275853
OR
Compositions of copper (II) containing compounds have been show to accelerate the healing of wounds in warm-blooded animals, and more specifically the systemic loading of copper (II) compounds to accelerate the rate of wound healing following injury or surgery to warm-blooded animals.⁷
View attachment 3275859
; ...and consequently what seems to cause tissue damage during injection.
If we look at the cayman chemicals reviews of the molecules in question :
View attachment 3275820View attachment 3275821
The main differences are the addition of a copper atom and a significantly worse solubility profile, which suggests a causal relationship between these two differences (meaning that the added copper induces the worse solubility).
In fact, we know that metals are gay
Gay meaning they have different bonding properties vs carbon, oxygen, etc (this whole field of gay metals is “inorganic chemistry”) The reason for this is that metals basically have up to ten relevant electrons , which have comically complex geometries, are much larger (radius) and less bound to the nucelus
View attachment 3275870
Simply, they like to move a lot, they're playful building blocks that like to change and mix
Seriously, metals require ions to stabilize in various contexts, primarily due to their tendency to lose electrons and form positive charges, the ions in PBS can neutralize the positive charge of the copper ions, reducing the likelihood of oxidation or other reactions that would destabilize the copper. PBS also maintains a stable pH, which is important for keeping copper in its soluble form. In bac water or regular saline, changes in pH can lead to precipitation or oxidation of copper ions. (5 to 7 for bac and reg saline vs 7.2 to 7.4 for Phosphate Buffered Saline)
Hence why GHK-Cu needs PBS (again because the ionic solution (has a lot of ions) stabilizes the added copper), otherwise the copper-nitrogen bonds are likely to break.
View attachment 3276079
The common folk seems to be dissolving GHK-Cu in Bac Water since that is the usual commercially available and promoted solvent for peptides².
However, Bac Water has a lower ion concentration than PBS (which makes the copper less likely to be stable), I hypothesize that the pain comes from the free copper atoms raping your tissues (not fully understood).
View attachment 3275864
Injection solutions :
Phosphate Buffered Saline :
View attachment 3275998
View attachment 3276003
View attachment 3276026
i.e. what is mostly used in studies and what is recommended by CaymanChem
Making PBS at home looks annoying af so just fucking buy it : https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/d8537
WORKS AND STABLE
Normale saline (0.9% saline) :
Direct on-site injection tho
View attachment 3276031
View attachment 3276018View attachment 3276019
WORKS BUT THEORETICALLY NOT STABLE, since the PH will be too low
You'd need to adjsut it yourself⁷
View attachment 3276064
BAC WATER :
DOESN'T WORK (YOU ONLY GET GHK AND INJECTION SITE DAMAGE)²
Topical :
Topical formulations of GHKcu have been developed and are effective
BetTar:
The best one (both low-cost, most effective and most stable) being Bet Tar which is a recent (2023) chinese developped ionic-liquid-based delivery vehicle composed of betaine and tartaric acid
View attachment 3276085
View attachment 3276086
View attachment 3276090
Stable as fuck :
View attachment 3276087
PDI is dispersity
I will be attaching the papers⁸ in case President Xi takes them down
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers : (
Works af for direct wound healing
View attachment 3276113In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing
A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkab…
YES BRO I WILL TOTALLY MAKE THIS jfl
View attachment 3276114
THERE ARE 8 BILLION GOOD TOPICAL ways but WE CAN NOT MAKE/BUY any of these
This was good for wound closure but go figure how they made it
View attachment 3276058View attachment 3276117
Concering DMSO :
IT DOESN'T WORK (IT'S EVEN LESS STABLE THAN BAC WATER since it has less ions (water (bac water) has H+ and OH- (water)))
These niggas tried to study its structure while dissolving it in DMSO¹⁰ : https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0162-0134(89)84011-5, which gave them completly retarded results "under their conditions"
Metals in general seem to be struggling in DMSO
View attachment 3276159
Goodluck rabbitholemaxxing this
TLDR :
- RECONSTITUTE GHK-Cu IN PBS or DPBS (which you can buy) and inject it daily
- BUY and RECONSTITUTE GHK IN BAC WATER IF YOU ONLY WANT COLLAGEN BOOST AND EASE OF USE and inject it daily
- TRY TO MAKE a [Bet] [Tar] GHK-Cu Topical Liquid Solution, if you want, for when you can't inject or as first-aid
@Hexmask @N1666 @Clavicular @NorwoodAscender @meathead
¹Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/pdf/ijms-19-01987.pdf
²
³Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
⁴Maquart, F.-X., Pickart, L., Laurent, M., Gillery, P., Monboisse, J.-C., & Borel, J.-P. (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238(2), 343-346. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-X
⁵ Google it and add Reddit and various forums to the key-words
⁶Siméon, A., Emonard, H., Hornebeck, W., & Maquart, F.-X. (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences, 67(20), 2257-2265. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00803-1
⁷ Pickart, L. R. (1992). Method of using copper(II) containing compounds to accelerate wound healing (U.S. Patent No. 5164367). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/28/c1/c7/6fb3bbcf61becb/US5164367.pdf
⁸Liu, T., Hu, L., Lu, B., Bo, Y., Liao, Y., Zhan, J., Pei, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Z., Guo, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). A novel delivery vehicle for copper peptides. New Journal of Chemistry https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nj/d2nj04282g#fn1
⁹L. Pickart, in BioIogy of Copper Complexes, J. R. C. Sorenson, Ed., Human Press, Clifton, NJ, 1987, pp. 273-285 (https://library.lol/main/04A4B0236383B58B30E1AF569542355F), neurogenesis also mentionned here¹⁰
¹⁰Antholine, W. E., Petering, D. H., & Pickart, L. (1989). ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II) GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35(2), U-224
¹¹Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2012). The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: Implications for cognitive health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID 324832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832
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