Nims
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This thread is the first of many to come, you must read this thread fully to understand the terms which will be used in the coming threads.
Definitions
Anatomy
Physiology
Basic Anatomical Terms
The Anatomical Position
The body standing forward in a relaxed but upright position, hands to the sides and head palms and eyes facing forward.
Directional Terms
Superior/Cranial (Upper)
The body standing forward in a relaxed but upright position, hands to the sides and head palms and eyes facing forward.
Directional Terms
Superior/Cranial (Upper)
- Towards the Head
- Away from the head.
- Midline of the body
- Away from the midline of the body
- Toward or nearest the trunk, point of origin or part.
- Away from or farthest from the truck, point of origin or part.
- Front
- Back
These describe/locate the structures of the body.
Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
Axial Plane (Transversal Plane)
Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
- A vertical plane running from side to side divides the body/parts into anterior or posterior portions.
Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
- A vertical plane running from front to back divides the body/parts into right and left sides.
Axial Plane (Transversal Plane)
- A horizontal plane running horizontally divides the body/parts into upper and lower parts.
There are two main cavities in the body a large cavity in the ventral part & small cavity in the dorsal part.
Ventral Cavity
The upper part of the ventral cavity is the chest and is commonly referred to as the thoracic cavity.
The lower part of the ventral cavity is the stomach and is called the abdominopelvic cavity.
The abdomen contains a significant amount of organs so its further split into 9 parts sometimes 4 parts.
Dorsal Cavity
Like the ventral cavity is divided into two parts.
The cranial cavity (contains your brain, probably hollow for most of you
) & the spinal cavity which contains the spinal cord.
Ventral Cavity
The upper part of the ventral cavity is the chest and is commonly referred to as the thoracic cavity.
The lower part of the ventral cavity is the stomach and is called the abdominopelvic cavity.
The abdomen contains a significant amount of organs so its further split into 9 parts sometimes 4 parts.
-
9 Part split, four planes are needed to divide the abdomen into nine equal sections two lateral lines and two transverse lines (top line is called the transpyloric plane and the lower line is called the transtubercular plane).
- The top sections are called the superior sections, the middle are referred to as middle and the lower sections are referred to as lower.
The other method for dividing the abdominal area consists of using a transverse and mid-sagittal plane, which intersect at the umbilicus (belly button), this gives four sections.
Dorsal Cavity
Like the ventral cavity is divided into two parts.
The cranial cavity (contains your brain, probably hollow for most of you
) & the spinal cavity which contains the spinal cord.Smallest to Largest
To understand physiology, we must understand things at the most basic level.
Everything is made up of one or many unique elements (iron, calcium etc.)
Atoms
The smallest type of element is an atom, which are made up of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.
Molecules
Two or more atoms together forum a molecule, such as water, which is made up of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.
- Atoms are the building blocks for everything including your body, atoms form molecules and molecules form cells.
Cells are the smallest thing that actually has the ability function within something. Everything inside you contains cells. All physiology inside your body is performed by cells or initiated by them.
- There are many types of cells which vary in function and size.
- A flexible membrane that encloses cytoplasm (a water-based cellular fluid), together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles.
Tissues are a group of similar cells, they work together to perform functions specific to that group.
Organs
Organs are composed of two or more tissue types, this forms an anatomic structure.
- Each organ has one or many specific physiological function which it carries out.
Group of organs working together to perform major functions to perform the physiological needs of the body.
Organism
Organisms are the highest of all, they are defined as things that can carry out all physiological functions necessary for life.
- The Human Organism is an example of this, it contains many things, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems which work together to maintain life.
Some organ systems overlap and perform tasks in multiple systems.
These systems will be explained throughout my lessons.
These systems will be explained throughout my lessons.
The body is divided into many different organ systems depending on the function it serves. All systems though have one main function which is to maintain the survival of all cells (continue living).
Your body is in an environment right now, maybe your in a hot country or cold country maybe your underwater or even in space (Idk where chads hangs out).
They are controlled by your blood, lymph & tissue fluid which constantly wash your cells protecting them from the current environment you inhabit.
Your body can only function efficiently if all its needs are met, when the correct water levels, heat, food etc are maintained within a specific narrow limit. THis process of balancing your needs is called homeostasis.
Your blood contains many substances for example it contains glucose which is monitored by your body and hormones are released as required to maintain sufficient levels.
Feedback mechanisms
Homeostasis relies on feedback mechanisms, your body has tens of thousands of mechanisms all monitoring what is going on, to help regulate different substances.
There are two types of feedback mechanisms positive and negative.
Some stuff that is maintained is you:
Your body is in an environment right now, maybe your in a hot country or cold country maybe your underwater or even in space (Idk where chads hangs out).
- Each environment changes external factors like temperature, humidity etc.
They are controlled by your blood, lymph & tissue fluid which constantly wash your cells protecting them from the current environment you inhabit.
Your body can only function efficiently if all its needs are met, when the correct water levels, heat, food etc are maintained within a specific narrow limit. THis process of balancing your needs is called homeostasis.
Your blood contains many substances for example it contains glucose which is monitored by your body and hormones are released as required to maintain sufficient levels.
Feedback mechanisms
Homeostasis relies on feedback mechanisms, your body has tens of thousands of mechanisms all monitoring what is going on, to help regulate different substances.
There are two types of feedback mechanisms positive and negative.
- Negative feedback is when a response is opposite to the catalyst.
- Positive feedback is when a response is the same as a catalyst.
Some stuff that is maintained is you:
- Body Temperature
- Blood Pressure
- Blood Sugar levels
- pH levels
pH is a scale used to measure how acidic and alkaline something is, 0-7 is acid and 7-14 is alkaline.
Blood must be at a consistent 7.4pH.
If your blood goes below 7.4pH (acidosis) or above 8pH(alkalosis), you will fucking die.
This is because your blood comes into contact with basically every single cell in your body so your body must regulate your pH levels.
In order to maintain pH your body produces substances called buffers which regulate acidity and alkalinity.
The hypothalamus is key to maintaining homeostasis.
Blood must be at a consistent 7.4pH.
If your blood goes below 7.4pH (acidosis) or above 8pH(alkalosis), you will fucking die
.This is because your blood comes into contact with basically every single cell in your body so your body must regulate your pH levels.
In order to maintain pH your body produces substances called buffers which regulate acidity and alkalinity.
- The lungs and kidneys help maintain your pH as well.
The hypothalamus is key to maintaining homeostasis.
- Blood vessels throughout the body have receptors monitoring pressure, temp etc, and send signals to the hypothalamus via the nervous system when it needs to release chemicals to bring about homeostasis
Metabolism is the process is what happens to the food we eat and the air we breathe which converts it to energy.
Metabolism is divided up into two processes.
Catabolism
Chemical breakdown of complex foods into simpler ones, while releasing energy.
Anabolism
This is the construction of complex molecules formed from simpler ones.
Metabolic Rate
This is the rate at which you use energy through activities and bodily functions.
Basal Metabolic Rate
This is the amount of energy your body requires to not die.
Metabolism is divided up into two processes.
Catabolism
Chemical breakdown of complex foods into simpler ones, while releasing energy.
Anabolism
This is the construction of complex molecules formed from simpler ones.
Metabolic Rate
This is the rate at which you use energy through activities and bodily functions.
Basal Metabolic Rate
This is the amount of energy your body requires to not die.
You should consider not only the major, common compounds and elements that make up the body but also their role in the physical processes of the body.
Elements and compounds come in three states.
Liquid, Solid, Gas. (Other states arent really relevant as this is a simple overview)
Energy is used to change the state of a compound/element.
When this energy is released its used in different ways:
Elements and compounds come in three states.
Liquid, Solid, Gas. (Other states arent really relevant as this is a simple overview)
Energy is used to change the state of a compound/element.
When this energy is released its used in different ways:
- To start chemical processes,
- To help with movement or for growth,
- Maintenance and repair
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen, and some trace elements.
Breakdown.
Breakdown.
- 80% Water
- 15% Protein
- 3% Fat
- 1% Carbs
- 1% Nucleic Acid
The cell
The cell as explained above is the simplest form of life that can survive by itself, and is used to build up the human boy.
Cells have many different types (functions) which all come in different shapes, forms and sizes.
Some fight disease, some transport oxygen, some store nutrience etc.
Cells shapes are different according to the functions it has to perform.
Cells have many different types (functions) which all come in different shapes, forms and sizes.
Some fight disease, some transport oxygen, some store nutrience etc.
Cells shapes are different according to the functions it has to perform.
- Muscle cells are long and thin to be able to stretch and contract.
- Skin cells are flat to provide waterproof coverage.
Organelles
Little organs, they are molecules combined in specific ways to form the basic components of a cell. Every organelle has a particular functional purpose within the cell.
Although there are a multitude of different cells they all have the same basic structure its easier to think of a cell in three parts:
The outer part (Cell memebrane)
The inner part (Nucleus is located)
Midle part (Cryoplasm housing the organelles)
Also called the plasma membrane this is a semi permeable liquid bi-layer common to all living cells. It contains a variety of biological molecules primarily proteins and lipids and because its semi permeable it can selectively move molecules in and out of the cell.
- Oxygen protein nutrience and hormones are taken in and cellular waste is recovered.
The nucleus is a highly specialised organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative centre of the cell.
This organelle has two major functions: It stores the cell's deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA and it coordinates the cells activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism protein synthesis and reproduction. The DNA strands are known as chromosomes.
Chromosomes contain genes and a human cell contains 23 maternal chromosomes to duplicate itself making sure the new copy has 46 chromosomes.
Chromatin
This organelle has two major functions: It stores the cell's deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA and it coordinates the cells activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism protein synthesis and reproduction. The DNA strands are known as chromosomes.
Chromosomes contain genes and a human cell contains 23 maternal chromosomes to duplicate itself making sure the new copy has 46 chromosomes.
Chromatin
- A substance within the nucleus that contains the generic material
- A spherical structure within the nucleus containing ribonucleic acid structures forming ribosomes.
- the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane similar to the outer membrane allowing material to be moved in and out from the cytoplasm.
Inside the cell membrane is a thick liquid called cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm is composed mostly of water. Its a jelly like liquid. It contains proteins which some are known as enzymes.
Enzymes
Involved in various reactions that occur in the cell such as breaking down nutrients.
Other proteins form a network of filaments that serves as a body in the cell.
The network is called cytoskeleton and allows the cell to change shape and move. Substances that are not water-soluble form droplets in the cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm contains several small structures or parts that the cell needs to survive. Each part has its special task and can be likened to the body organs.
These miniature organs as mentioned before are called organelles.
The cytoplasm is composed mostly of water. Its a jelly like liquid. It contains proteins which some are known as enzymes.
Enzymes
Involved in various reactions that occur in the cell such as breaking down nutrients.
Other proteins form a network of filaments that serves as a body in the cell.
The network is called cytoskeleton and allows the cell to change shape and move. Substances that are not water-soluble form droplets in the cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm contains several small structures or parts that the cell needs to survive. Each part has its special task and can be likened to the body organs.
These miniature organs as mentioned before are called organelles.
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
- Lysosome
Cells have to be able to carry out a variety of functions in order to survive.
CBA to go super in detail as this is starting to get a little boring don't like cells all that much so just 1 word answers, maybe I will come back and add more detail.
Cell Respiration
CBA to go super in detail as this is starting to get a little boring don't like cells all that much so just 1 word answers, maybe I will come back and add more detail.
Cell Respiration
- To carry out metabolism every cell requires oxygen.
- Cells must grow until they are ready to reproduce.
- Metabolism provides a variety of waste material which is removed.
- Self-explanatory.
- Cells can respond to chemicals, physical or thermal stimulus.
- When growth is finished cells divide through a process called mitosis.
Lifecycle of the cell
Cell division happens through mitosis and meiosis.
Everything starts as a single cell, that cell divides and becomes many cells, through a process called mitosis
Mitosis the generic material is carried on to two daughter cells identical to the OG cel. This is the way the body carries out growth and repair. The nucleus divides in four phases:
Some cells live for years some days, depends on that bad boys function.
Mitosis the generic material is carried on to two daughter cells identical to the OG cel. This is the way the body carries out growth and repair. The nucleus divides in four phases:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Some cells live for years some days, depends on that bad boys function.
The genetic material forms chromosomes. During prophase the nuclear membrane begins to break up and disappear. The nucleolus also disappears as the chromosomes form. A system of microtubules form a mitotic spindle at opposite ends of the cell.
The chromosomes all line up in the centre of the cel
The spindle fibers shorten and centromeres divide separating the pair of chromosomes the chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.
The final stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to reappear the mitotic spindle breaks up and the chromosomes uncoil two daughter cells are now present.
Production of a a new organism formed from four unique daughter cells, each containing half the chromosome of the original. This is the fusion of male sperm and a female egg.
The sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes each. after fertilisation, the fusion contains 46 chromosomes, forming a zygote. Zygote is capable of reproducing itself through mitosis forming an embryo that grows into a foetus and later a fully formed human being/creature.
The sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes each. after fertilisation, the fusion contains 46 chromosomes, forming a zygote. Zygote is capable of reproducing itself through mitosis forming an embryo that grows into a foetus and later a fully formed human being/creature.
Cells must respirate to survive. All cells survival are dependant on the generation of energy and transportation of substances within and between cells.
A healthy environment for the cell includes the maintenance of a stable internal enviroment.
Which can be achieved if there is no excessive build up of chemicals.
Respiration = exchange of nutrients and waste: Oxygen and glucose in - Carbon dioxide out.
- explain about how bloodstreams and cells are linked through interstital fluid.
A healthy environment for the cell includes the maintenance of a stable internal enviroment.
Which can be achieved if there is no excessive build up of chemicals.
Respiration = exchange of nutrients and waste: Oxygen and glucose in - Carbon dioxide out.
- explain about how bloodstreams and cells are linked through interstital fluid.
Diffusion happens when there is a too high concentration of chemicals outside a cell, small molecules will begin to flow through the cell membrane until a balance is achieved.
When water moves across the semi-permeable membrane from a higher area of concentration of solute to a lower concentration of soluble or vise versa to maintain balance.
In active transport substances are moved against their concentration gradients by carrier proteins.
Carrier molecules from within the cell attach themselves to molecules which would otherwise be too large to enter in enough quantities. Then they rotate around them and release them into the cell.
Carrier molecules from within the cell attach themselves to molecules which would otherwise be too large to enter in enough quantities. Then they rotate around them and release them into the cell.
Sometimes cells arrange themselves in thin layers and substances and can move between the cell. These layers or membranes work the same way as filters.
The body contains a lot of filters for example capillaries and kidneys.
- Filters Sort substances based on size.
The body contains a lot of filters for example capillaries and kidneys.
Tissues
Tissues are a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function.
The four major types of tissues in the human body are:
Epithelial tissue
The four major types of tissues in the human body are:
Epithelial tissue
- Provides a protective layer for internal and external body surfaces.
- Binds, supports and protects the body and organs.
- Gives us movement
- Instigates and transmits nerve impulses.
Tissue that covers other structures, therefore one side is always exposed to the outside which could still be inside the body. Epithelial tissue covers the inside of body cavities and organs.
The outer or superficial portion of your skin is an epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissue does not have a blood supply, therefore nutrients must enter the tissue by diffusion.
Epithelial tissue anchors to other structures via a basement membrane.
There are two categories of epithelial tissue:
The outer or superficial portion of your skin is an epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissue does not have a blood supply, therefore nutrients must enter the tissue by diffusion.
Epithelial tissue anchors to other structures via a basement membrane.
There are two categories of epithelial tissue:
- Simple - Single layer
- Compound - Multiple
A simple epithelial tissue is fragile and thin. You find it internally in the lining of the heart. It has advantages in speed there are four different types of simple epithelial.
Consists of two or more layers of cells which protect underlying formations. These cells are divided into two types of epithelia.
- Stratified
- Transitional
A stratified epithelium consists of a number of cells at the deeper level these are mainly columnar but the closer to the surface you get the more flattened they become.
Types of Stratified
Types of Stratified
Found on wet surfaces that get a lot of use like the conjunctive of the eye the lining of the mouth.
Found on dry surfaces, like hair skin and nails. The top layer consists of dead skin cells which protect the deeper cells and prevent them from drying out.
These cells are continually replensished.
These cells are continually replensished.
Consists of several layers of pear-shaped cells which can change shape when they are stretched. You'll find this tissue in the uterus bladder and pelvis of the kidneys.
Connective Tissue is the most abundant type in the body it connects and joins tissue and organs parts of the body together, and it protects and supports. COnnective tissue contains fibroblasts and fiber made of protein.
Connective tissue cells are more often separated from each other and not close together like the epithelial cells, and the space between the cells is filled with a non-living matrix which may contain fibres that are either a viscous consistency or solid and inflexible depending on the position and function of the tissue.
Connective tissue cells are more often separated from each other and not close together like the epithelial cells, and the space between the cells is filled with a non-living matrix which may contain fibres that are either a viscous consistency or solid and inflexible depending on the position and function of the tissue.
There are three types of cartilage:
- Hyaline
- White fibrous
- yellow Elastic
Muscle tissue is elastic and unique in that it can provide movement when it shortens through contraction. Muscle tissue is made up of bundles of contractile fibres surrounded by connective tissue. There are three types
- Voluntary Tissue (Skeletal)
- Involuntary Tissue (Smooth tissue)
- Cardiac muscle tissue
Nervous tissue consists of neurone cells which pick up and transmit electrical signals by converting stimuli into nerve impulses.
Characteristics of nervous tissue are excitability and conductivity its function is to regulate and coordinate body activity.
Characteristics of nervous tissue are excitability and conductivity its function is to regulate and coordinate body activity.
There are three types of membranes in the body:
- Mucous
- Synovial
- Serous
In the next lesson we can go into detail on the skin and hair and then maybe discuss bones and the skeletal system.
inb4 - "dnr"/"tldr" - I don't care.
inb4 - "Just copy and paste something theory" - Obviously a lot of this is not my own words no normal person knows all this shit just in their head, this is taken from many sites and reworded in a better format.
